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Commensal bacteria and the lung environment are responsible for Th2-mediated memory yielding natural IgE in MyD88-deficient mice

ABSTRACT: IgE antibody is known as a common mediator of allergic responses, generally produced in type 2 immune responses to allergens. It is known that IgE binding to FcεRI without allergen binding promotes survival or proliferation of mast cells, basophils and other cells. Thus, spontaneously produced IgE, namely natural IgE, can increase an individual’s susceptibility to allergic diseases. Mice with a genetic defect in MyD88, a major signaling molecule downstream of Toll-like receptors, have a high level of serum natural IgE, the mechanism for which remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the maintenance of high serum IgE levels depends on memory B cells (MBCs). IgE from plasma cells and the sera from most of Myd88–/– mice, but none of Myd88+/– mice, recognized Streptococcus azizii (S. azizii), a commensal bacterium over-represented in the lung of Myd88–/– mice. IgG1+ MBCs from spleen also recognized S. azizii. The serum IgE levels declined by administration of antibiotics and were boosted by challenge with S. azizii in Myd88–/– mice. Moreover, bulk IgH repertoire analysis revealed that CDR3 sequences were highly shared between IgE+ PCs and IgG1+ or IgG2+ MBCs, indicating the contribution of S. azizii-specific IgG1+ MBCs to the natural IgE production.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE220657 | GEO | 2023/01/27

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:<h4><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy (IgE-CMA) is one of the first allergies to arise in early childhood and may result from exposure to various milk allergens, of which β-lactoglobulin (BLG) and casein are the most important. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind IgE-CMA is imperative for the discovery of novel biomarkers and the design of innovative treatment and prevention strategies.</h4><h4><strong>METHODS: </strong>We report a longitudinal <em>in vivo</em> murine model, in which two mice strains (BALB/c and C57Bl/6) were sensitized to BLG using either cholera toxin or an oil emulsion (n = 6 per group). After sensitization, mice were challenged orally, their clinical signs monitored, antibody (IgE and IgG1) and cytokine levels (IL-4 and IFN-γ) measured, and fecal samples subjected to metabolomics. The results of the murine models were further extrapolated to fecal microbiome-metabolome data from our population of IgE-CMA (n = 22) and healthy (n = 23) children (Trial: NCT04249973), on which polar metabolomics, lipidomics and 16S rRNA metasequencing were performed. In vitro gastrointestinal digestions and multi-omics corroborated the microbial origin of proposed metabolic changes.</h4><h4><strong>RESULTS: </strong>During mice sensitization, we observed multiple microbially derived metabolic alterations, most importantly bile acid, energy and tryptophan metabolites, that preceded allergic inflammation. We confirmed microbial dysbiosis, and its associated effect on metabolic alterations in our patient cohort, through <em>in vitro</em> digestions and multi-omics, which was accompanied by metabolic signatures of low-grade inflammation.</h4><h4><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Our results indicate that gut dysbiosis precedes allergic inflammation and nurtures a chronic low-grade inflammation in children on elimination diets, opening important new opportunities for future prevention and treatment strategies.</h4>

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Commensal bacteria and the lung environment are responsible for Th2-mediated memory yielding natural IgE in MyD88-deficient mice

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