SFANS enriched snRNAseq profiling of deep layer cortical cell types from human control and Huntington's Disease samples
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE233387 | GEO | 2024/01/17
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:The properties of the cell types that are most vulnerable in the Huntington's disease (HD) cortex have not been delineated. Here we have employed serial fluorescence activated nuclear sorting (sFANS) and deep molecular profiling to demonstrate that layer 5a pyramidal neurons are selectively vulnerable in primary motor cortex and other cortical areas.
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Project description:Transcriptional dysregulation is well documented in Huntington’s disease (HD) post-mortem brain. We previously identified gene expression profiles from both symptomatic and asymptomatic HD prefrontal cortex which characterize the effects of degeneration in disease versus normal brains. Transcriptional dysregulation in HD brain is well documented by these studies and others, but the extent and causes of this dysregulation remain unknown. Here, we present a large ribo-depleted RNA sequencing (rdRNA-Seq) dataset and novel bioinformatic methodology to further characterize transcriptional dysregulation in HD brain as it relates to disease variables, including CAG repeat size, age of symptom onset, and rate of neurodegeneration.
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Project description:Despite extensive progress in Huntington’s Disease (HD) research, very little is known about the association of epigenetic variation and HD pathogenesis in human brain tissues. Moreover, its contribution to the tissue-specific transcriptional regulation of the huntingtin gene (HTT), in which HTT expression levels are highest in brain and testes, is currently unknown. To investigate the role of DNA methylation in HD pathogenesis and tissue-specific expression of HTT, we utilized the Illumina HumanMethylation450K BeadChip array to measure DNA methylation in a cohort of age-matched HD and control human cortex and liver tissues. In cortex samples, we found minimal evidence of HD-associated DNA methylation at probed sites after correction for cell heterogeneity but did observe an association to age of disease onset. By contrast, comparison of matched cortex and liver samples revealed tissue-specific DNA methylation of the HTT gene region at 38 sites (FDR < 0.05). Importantly, we identified a novel differentially methylated binding site in the HTT proximal promoter for the transcription factor CTCF. This CTCF site displayed increased occupancy in cortex, where HTT expression is higher, compared to liver. Additionally, CTCF silencing reduced the activity of a HTT promoter-reporter construct, suggesting that CTCF plays a role in regulating HTT promoter function. Overall, although we were unable to detect HD-associated DNA methylation alterations at queried sites, we found that DNA methylation may be correlated to age of disease onset in cortex tissues. Moreover, our data suggest that DNA methylation may, in part, contribute to tissue-specific HTT transcription through differential CTCF occupancy.
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Project description:sFANS enriched snRNAseq profiling of deep layer cortical cell types from human control and Huntington's Disease samples
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Project description:Gray matter volume in the cerebral cortex has been consistently found to be decreased in patients with schizophrenia. The superior temporal gyrus (STG) is one of the cortical regions that exhibit the most pronounced volumetric reduction. This reduction is generally thought to reflect, at least in part, decreased number of synapses; the majority of these synapses are believed to be furnished by glutamatergic axon terminals onto the dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons. Pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex exhibit layer-specific connectional properties, providing neural circuit structures that support distinct aspects of higher cortical functions. For instance, dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons in layer 3 of the cerebral cortex are targeted by both local and long-range glutamatergic projections in a highly reciprocal fashion. Synchronized activities of pyramidal neuronal networks, especially in the gamma frequency band (i.e. 30-100 Hz), are critical for the integrity of higher cortical functions. Disturbances of these networks may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia by compromising gamma oscillation. This concept is supported by the following postmortem and clinical observations. First, the density of dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons in layer 3 of the cerebral cortex, including the STG, have been shown to be significantly decreased by 23-66% in subjects with schizophrenia. Second, consistent with these findings, the average somal area of these pyramidal cells is significantly smaller. Third, we have recently found that, in the prefrontal cortex, the density of glutamatergic axonal boutons, of which dendritic spines are their major targets, was significantly decreased by as much as 79% in layer 3 (but not layer 5) in subjects with schizophrenia. Finally, an increasing number of clinical studies have consistently demonstrated that gamma oscillatory synchrony is profoundly impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, gamma impairment has been linked to the symptoms and cognitive deficits of the illness and the severity of these symptoms and deficits have in turn been associated with the magnitude of cortical gray matter reduction. Taken together, understanding the molecular underpinnings of pyramidal cell dysfunction will shed important light onto the pathophysiology of cortical dysfunction of schizophrenia. In order to gain insight into the molecular determinants of pyramidal cell dysfunction in schizophrenia, we combined LCM with Affymetrix microarray and high-throughput TaqManM-BM-.-based MegaPlex qRT-PCR approaches, respectively, to elucidate the alterations in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles of these neurons in layer 3 of the STG. We found that transforming growth factor beta (TGFM-NM-2) and BMP (bone morphogenetic proteins) signaling pathways and many genes that regulate extracellular matrix (ECM), apoptosis and cytoskeleton were dysregulated in schizophrenia. In addition, we identified 10 miRNAs that were differentially expressed in this illness; interestingly, the predicted targets of these miRNAs included the dysregulated pathways and gene networks identified by microarray analysis. Together these findings provide a neurobiological framework within which we can begin to formulate and test specific hypotheses about the molecular mechanisms that underlie pyramidal cell dysfunction in schizophrenia. Gene epxression microarray from RNA isolated from pyramidal cells in layer III of the STG from 9 normal controls and 9 subjects with schizophrenia. There was no significant difference between diagnosis groups for age, sex, and post mortem interval (PMI).
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