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Spatiotemporal transcriptomic map of glial cell response in a mouse model of acute brain ischemia [snRNA-Seq]

ABSTRACT: We performed spatial and single-cell transcriptomics on male mouse brains to map out the molecular and cellular processes governing the response to ischemic stroke during the first week after the injury. Focusing on glial cells, we documented their activation, the formation of the glial scar, and significant changes in cell–cell communication patterns. Interestingly, we identified various activated populations of oligodendrocytes that, while similar in their anti-inflammatory properties, differ in their immunogenic and metabolic characteristics. This challenges the long-held belief that oligodendrocytes play a passive role in neuropathologies. Altogether, we present a major contribution to the current understanding of the role of glial cells in stroke pathobiology, comprehensively mapping their acute response and role in the formation of the glial scar.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE233813 | GEO | 2024/11/18

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Spatiotemporal transcriptomic map of glial cell response in a mouse model of acute brain ischemia [scRNA-Seq]

Project description:We performed spatial and single-cell transcriptomics on male mouse brains to map out the molecular and cellular processes governing the response to ischemic stroke during the first week after the injury. Focusing on glial cells, we documented their activation, the formation of the glial scar, and significant changes in cell–cell communication patterns. Interestingly, we identified various activated populations of oligodendrocytes that, while similar in their anti-inflammatory properties, differ in their immunogenic and metabolic characteristics. This challenges the long-held belief that oligodendrocytes play a passive role in neuropathologies. Altogether, we present a major contribution to the current understanding of the role of glial cells in stroke pathobiology, comprehensively mapping their acute response and role in the formation of the glial scar.

2024-11-18 | GSE233812 | GEO

Spatiotemporal transcriptomic map of glial cell response in a mouse model of acute brain ischemia [bulk RNA-Seq]

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Spatiotemporal transcriptomic map of glial cell response in a mouse model of acute brain ischemia [spatial transcriptomics]

2024-11-18 | GSE233814 | GEO

Single cell expression profiling of NG2 cell lineage from adult mice cortex three days after focal cerebral ischemia

Project description:Ischemic stroke is a serious medical condition that leads to neurological symptoms such as loss of motor and cognitive function. Focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) occurs due to interruption of blood supply to the site of injury, leading to the death of brain cells. Cells carrying Neural-glial antigen 2 (NG2) include glial cells serving primarily as olidogendrocyte precursors and a portion of pericytes. NG2 glia proliferate rapidly after ischemia and migrate to the site of injury, participate with astrocytes in glial scar formation, and contribute to the regeneration of the brain tissue. The ability of NG2 glia to differentiate into a different cell type than oligodendrocytes has been described but is still controversial. We therefore isolated NG2 cells and their derivatives labeled with tdTomato red fluorescent protein from the cortex of Rosa26-tdTomato/Cspg4-CreERT2 mice three days after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Sham-operated animals were used as healthy controls (CTRL). We aimed to identify NG2 cell types and their derivatives in the cortex of healthy and ischemic mice and determine their incidence as well as characteristic gene expression.

2023-09-21 | E-MTAB-11967 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Activation of innate immune pathways after brain injury promotes scar formation and impairs tissue recovery

Project description:Scar formation is a major hindrance to central nervous system regeneration upon traumatic injury. Glial cells are key players during the wound healing process, and their reaction to injury determines the extent of tissue restoration. Here, we used the regenerative potential of the zebrafish telencephalon to identify specific molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating glial scar formation. We demonstrated that contact of the cerebrospinal fluid with the brain parenchyma after injury activates toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2) and the chemokine receptor 3 (Cxcr3) innate immunity pathways leading to initiation of a glial scar. These pathways were critical for scarring even after ablation of microglia and infiltrating monocytes. Our data support a specific role for the injury-induced Tlr1/2 and Cxcr3 signaling pathways in controlling proliferation of the oligodendrocyte progenitors and therefore exacerbated glial reactivity, contributing to scar formation. Interference with the Tlr1/2 and Cxcr3 pathways after injury alleviated glial scar formation and improved tissue restoration.

2022-01-18 | GSE98217 | GEO

RNA-seq analysis for mRNA expression change in oxygen/glucose deprivation-treated cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells

Project description:Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) regulate neuronal, glial and vascular systems in diverse ways and display phenotypic heterogeneity beyond their well-known role as a reservoir for mature oligodendrocytes. Here we demonstrated that perivascular OPCs in cerebral cortex were increased coupling with post-stroke angiogenesis in a mouse model of stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). RNA-seq analysis revealed that primary cultured OPCs notably increased the gene expressions of numerous pro-angiogenic factors, while decreased those related to OPC maturation after oxygen glucose deprivation. The data showed that cerebral ischemia shifts the phenotype of OPCs to perivascular subtypes which can promote angiogenesis.

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Post-injury born oligodendrocytes incorporate into the glial scar and contribute to the inhibition of axon regeneration

Project description:Pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS) white matter often result in permanent functional deficits because mature mammalian projection neurons fail to regenerate long-distance axons after injury. A major barrier to axonal regenerative research is that the CNS axons that regenerate in response to experimental treatments stall growth before reaching their post-synaptic targets. Here, we test the hypothesis that interaction of regenerating axons with live oligodendrocytes, which were absent during developmental axon growth, stalls axonal growth. To test this hypothesis, first, we used single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and immunohistological analysis to investigate whether post-injury born oligodendrocytes incorporate into the glial scar after optic nerve injury. Then, we administered demyelination-inducing cuprizone (used in studies of multiple sclerosis), concurrently with the stimulation of axon regeneration by Pten knockdown (KD) in projection neurons after optic nerve injury. We found that post-injury born oligodendrocyte lineage cells incorporate into the glial scar, where they are susceptible to the demyelination diet treatment, which reduced their presence in the glial scar. We further found that the demyelination diet enhanced Pten KD-stimulated axon regeneration, and localized injection of cuprizone promoted axon regeneration. We also present a website for comparing the gene expression of scRNA-seq-profiled optic nerve oligodendrocyte lineage cells under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Annotation of oligodendrocyte lineage cell subtypes, and normal or injured condition, are indicated in the last two rows of the cell matrix CSV file.

2023-03-27 | GSE225410 | GEO

Filling the gaps – a call for comprehensive analysis of extracellular matrix of the glial scar in region- and injury-specific contexts

Project description:CNS injury results in chronic scar formation that interferes with function and inhibits repair. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is prominent in the scar and potently regulates cell behavior. However, comprehensive information about the ECM proteome is largely lacking, and region- as well as injury-specific differences are often not taken into account. These aspects are the focus of our perspective on injury and scar formation. To highlight the importance of such comprehensive proteome analysis we include data obtained with novel analysis tools of the ECM composition in the scar and show the contribution of monocytes to the ECM composition after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Monocyte invasion was reduced using the CCR2-/- mouse line and step-wise de-cellularization and proteomics allowed determining monocyte-dependent ECM composition and architecture of the glial scar. We find significant reduction in the ECM proteins Tgm1, Itih (1,2, and 3), and Ftl in the absence of monocyte invasion. We also describe the scar ECM comprising zones with distinctive composition and show a subacute signature upon comparison to proteome obtained at earlier times after TBI. These results are discussed in light of injury-, region- and time-specific regulation of scar formation highlighting the urgent need to differentiate injury conditions and CNS-regions using comprehensive ECM analysis.

2020-05-27 | PXD017478 | Pride

Gsx1 Promotes Locomotor Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury

Project description:Promoting residential cells, particularly endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs), for tissue regeneration represents a potential strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, adult NSPCs differentiate mainly into glial cells and contribute to glial scar formation at the site of injury. Gsx1 is known to regulate the generation of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons during embryonic development of the spinal cord. Here we show that lentivirus-mediated expression of Gsx1 increases the number of NSPCs in a mouse model of lateral hemisection SCI during the acute stage. Subsequently, Gsx1 expression increases the generation of glutamatergic and cholinergic interneurons and decreases the generation of GABAergic interneurons in the chronic stage of SCI. Importantly, Gsx1 reduces reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, promotes 5-HT neuronal activity, and improves the locomotor function of the injured mice. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis reveals that Gsx1-induced transcriptome regulation correlates with NSPC signaling, NSPC activation, neuronal differentiation, and inhibition of astrogliosis and scar formation. Collectively, our study provides molecular insights for Gsx1-mediated functional recovery and identifies Gsx1 gene regulation as a potential application for injuries in the spinal cord and possibly other parts of the central nervous system.

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Project description:The role of matrilin-3 in the brain, an extracellular matrix component in cartilage, is unknown. Here, we identify matrilin-3 decreased in reactive astrocytes but unchanged in neurons after ischemic stroke in animals. Importantly, it is declined in serum of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition or supplementation of matrilin-3 aggravates or reduces brain injury, astrocytic cell death and glial scar, respectively, but has no direct effect on neuronal cell death. RNA-sequencing demonstrates that Matn3−/− mice display an increased inflammatory response profile in the ischemic brain, including the NF-κB signaling pathway. Both endogenous and exogenous matrilin-3 reduce inflammatory mediators. Mechanistically, extracellular matrilin-3 enters astrocytes via caveolin-1-mediated endocytosis. Cytoplasmic matrilin-3 translocates into the nucleus by binding to NF-κB p65, suppressing inflammatory cytokines transcription. Extracellular matrilin-3 binds to BMP-2, blocking BMP-2/Smads pathway. Thus, matrilin-3 is required for astrocytes to exert neuroprotection at least partially via suppressing astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation.

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