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ILC2s directly activate anti-tumor cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes by internalizing, processing, and presenting exogenous antigens

ABSTRACT: Type-2 innate-lymphoid cells (ILC2s) associate with both tumor promotion and inhibition. We found that ILC2s may induce anti-tumor immunity by a hitherto-unrealized mechanism: they may internalize, process, and present exogenous tumor antigen on major-histocompatibility-complex class-I (MHCI) molecules with costimulatory molecules to CD8+ T cells. This converts the T cells into cytotoxic-T-lymphocytes (CTLs). Specifically, transferring ILC2s into tumor-bearing mice inhibited tumor growth in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner. Moreover, co-culturing human or murine CD8+ T cells with ILC2s upregulated T-cell expression of cytotoxic molecules. The resulting CTLs efficiently killed tumor cells in vitro and upon transfer into tumor-bearing mice. ILC2s were found to internalize exogenous antigens via clathrin-dependent endocytosis and to process/present them as efficiently as professional antigen-presenting cells for CD8+ T cells (type-1 conventional dendritic cells). Thus, ILC2s can present antigen to CD8+ T cells and induce their tumor-killing activity. This novel finding has promising implications for anti-tumor strategies.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE241945 | GEO | 2024/08/31

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Immune evasion is an important hallmark of cancer ensured by diverse strategies, including immunosuppression and downregulation of antigen presentation. Here, to restore immunogenicity of cancer cells, we employed the minimal gene regulatory network of highly immunogenic type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) to reprogram cancer cells into professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). We showed that enforced expression of PU.1, IRF8 and BATF3 (PIB) was sufficient to induce cDC1 phenotype in 33 cell lines derived from human and mouse hematological and solid tumors. PIB gradually modified the cancer cell transcriptional and epigenetic program imposing global antigen presentation and cDC1 gene signatures within 9 days. cDC1 reprogramming restored the expression of antigen presentation complexes as well as co-stimulatory molecules at the cell surface, leading to the presentation of endogenous antigens on MHC-I, and to CD8+ T cell mediated killing. Functionally, tumor- APCs acquired the ability to uptake and process exogenous proteins and dead cells, secreted inflammatory cytokines and cross-presented antigens to naïve CD8+ T cells. Importantly, tumor-APCs were efficiently generated at the single cell level from primary cancer cells of 7 solid tumors that presented antigens to memory and naïve T-cells, as well as to activated patient-specific intra-tumoral lymphocytes. Alongside antigen presentation, tumor-APCs harboring TP53, KRAS and PTEN mutations showed impaired tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. Finally, using in vivo mouse models of melanoma, we showed that intra-tumoral injection of tumor-APCs promoted lymphoid infiltration, delayed tumor growth and increased survival. The anti-tumor immunity elicited by tumor-APCs was synergistic with immune checkpoint inhibitors enabling tumor eradication. Our approach combines cDC1’s antigen processing and presenting abilities with endogenous generation of tumor antigens and serves as a platform for the development of novel immunotherapies based on endowed antigen presentation in cancer cells.

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ILC2s directly activate anti-tumor cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes by internalizing, processing, and presenting exogenous antigens

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