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The role of interleukin-10 receptor alpha (IL10Rα) in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection of a mammary epithelial cell line

ABSTRACT: Background: Johne’s disease is a chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Johne’s disease is highly contagious and MAP infection in dairy cattle can eventually lead to death. With no available treatment for Johne’s disease, genetic selection and improvements in management practices could help reduce its prevalence. In a previous study, the gene coding interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha (IL10Rα) was associated with Johne’s disease in dairy cattle. Our objective was to determine how IL10Rα affects the pathogenesis of MAP by examining the effect of a live MAP challenge on a mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) that had IL10Rα knocked out using CRISPR/cas9. The wild type and the IL10Rα knockout MAC-T cell lines were exposed to live MAP bacteria for 48 hours. Thereafter, mRNA was extracted from infected and uninfected cells. Differentially expressed genes were compared between the wild type and the IL10Rα knockout cell lines. Gene ontology was performed based on the differentially expressed genes to determine which biological pathways were involved. Results: Immune system processes pathways were targeted to determine the effect of IL10Rα on the response to MAP infection. There was a difference in immune response between the wild type and IL10Rα knockout MAC-T cell lines, and little difference in immune response between infected and not infected IL10Rα knockout MAC-T cells, indicating IL10Rα plays an important role in the progression of MAP infection. Additionally, these comparisons allowed us to identify other genes involved in inflammation-mediated chemokine and cytokine signalling, interleukin signalling and toll-like receptor pathways. Conclusions: Identifying differentially expressed genes in wild type and ILR10α knockout MAC-T cells infected with live MAP bacteria provided further evidence that IL10Rα contributes to mounting an immune response to MAP infection and allowed us to identify additional potential candidate genes involved in this process. We found there was a complex immune response during MAP infection that is controlled by many genes.

ORGANISM(S): Bos taurus

PROVIDER: GSE247921 | GEO | 2024/05/20

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Background: Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease, a chronic enteric infection of ruminants. Infection occurs within the first few months of life but remains subclinical for an average of 2-5 years. Current diagnostics to detect early subclinical infections lack diagnostic sensitivity, which hinders disease control resulting in significant economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. The pathophysiology of early infection with M. paratuberculosis is still not well understood and represents a key hurdle towards the development of better diagnostics. Methods: The present study employed a large-scale RNA-Sequencing technology to better understand early stages of M. paratuberculosis infection and immunization. Specifically, gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from infected and vaccinated goats were compared to controls. Results: The transcriptome of the control goats revealed a large number of genes (N = 226, 1018, 1714, 1133) that were differentially expressed compared to the M. paratuberculosis-infected goats, goats vaccinated with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines, and goats both vaccinated and infected. Bioinformatics evaluation of the differentially expressed genes indicated the regulation of a large number of genes with immunity and inflammatory functions including IL-18BP, IFN-γ, IL-17A, NOS2, LIPG and IL-22. Interestingly, a large number of goat genes (N=667) were regulated whether live or inactivated vaccine were used. Some of the regulated genes (e.g. IL-17A, IFN-g) continued its unique transcriptional profile up to 12 months post-challenge. Conclusions: Overall, transcriptome analysis of infected and/or immunized goats identified potential targets for developing early diagnostics for Johne’s disease and a potential approach to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. A similar approach could be used to analyze later stages of Johne’s disease or other chronic infections.

Project description:Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (JD), which is also known as paratuberculosis, in ruminants. The mechanisms of JD pathogenesis are still unclear, but it is known that MAP subverts the host immune system for years by using macrophages as its primary reservoir. The effect of MAP infection on macrophages is often studied in healthy or experimentally infected cows, but reports on primary macrophages from naturally infected cows are lacking. In our study, the transcriptome of primary monocyte-derived macrophages challenged with live MAP was analyzed using next-generation sequencing (RNA‑seq). The gene expression signatures of macrophages from cows diagnosed as negative or positive for JD [JD(–) or JD(+), respectively] revealed differential host–pathogen interplay, highlighting long-term mechanisms established during mycobacterial disease. In JD(–) cows, a considerable number of genes (1,436) were differentially expressed at 8 h post-infection (hpi). Interestingly, while expected inflammatory immune response pathways were among the significant pathways, others related to Hepatic fibrosis/hepatic stellate cell activation, lipid homeostasis, such as the LXR/RXR [liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor] activation, and autoimmune diseases such as atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis were consistently among the top significant pathways. Unexpectedly, the macrophages from JD(+) cows did not present a clear response pattern to ex vivo MAP infection, neither during the early period nor at 24 hpi. Analyzing of the transcriptomic profile of the uninfected macrophages, revealed 868 genes that were differentially expressed in JD(+) versus JD(–) cows. The down-regulated genes particularly modified the general cell metabolism by down-regulating amino acid synthesis, cholesterol biosynthesis, and other energy production pathways while introducing a pro-fibrotic pattern associated with foam cells. These modifications show the apparent importance of the metabolic pathways hijacked by MAP to subvert the immune cells. Our findings support the hypothesis that MAP could induce a tolerant-like state in circulating peripheral blood monocytes when they are differentiating into macrophages, which could further promote the persistence. Similar to other mycobacteria and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, MAP could influence macrophage behavior in the long term. This report contributes to a better understanding of MAP control of immune cells and its mechanisms of survival.

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The role of interleukin-10 receptor alpha (IL10Rα) in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection of a mammary epithelial cell line

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