Transcriptional profiling of Escherichia coli during a transition from zinc starvation to surfeit
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Escherichia coli K-12 Escherichia coli
PROVIDER: GSE26187 | GEO | 2011/12/01
SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA135011
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Escherichia coli strain MG1655 was grown in a Zn-depleted custom-built chemostat. Culture volume (120 ml), temperature (37 oC) and stirring speed (440 rpm) were maintained. Steady state values for pH and OD600 were 6.9 and 0.6, respectively. Chemostats were grown for 50 h to allow five culture volumes to pass through the vessel and allow an apparent (pseudo-)steady state to be reached. At this point, ZnSO4.7H2O in water was added to a final concentration of 0.2 M in the chemostat. A 10 ml sample of culture was taken using a polypropylene pipette tip immediately prior to Zn addition and 2.5, 7, 10 and 30 min after addition. Samples were harvested into RNAprotect and total RNA was purified using QiagenM-bM-^@M-^Ys RNeasy Mini kit (using the supplierM-bM-^@M-^Ys protocol) prior to use in microarray analysis. A control experiment was also carried out in which water was added. Biological experiments were carried out twice (i.e. control (water added) and experiment (ZnSO4 added) chemostats were grown separately twice), and a dye swap performed for each experiment, providing at least two technical repeats for each of the two biological repeats at all five time points. Slides were analysed so that time points M-bM-^@M-^\with ZnM-bM-^@M-^] were compared to the same time point M-bM-^@M-^\without ZnM-bM-^@M-^] (e.g. 30 min after Zn was added was compared to 30 min after water being added). Cells were grown in glycerol-glycerophosphate medium (GGM) lacking Zn. Final concentrations in GGM are: MES (40.0 mM), NH4Cl (18.7 mM), KCl (13.4 mM), beta-glycerophosphate (7.64 mM), glycerol (5.00 mM), K2SO4 (4.99 mM), MgCl2 (1.00 mM), EDTA (134 microM), CaCl2.2H2O (68.0 microM), FeCl3.6H2O (18.5 microM), H3BO3 (1.62 microM), CuCl2.2H2O (587 nM), CoNO3.6H2O (344 nM), and (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O (80.9 nM) in MilliQ water (Millipore). Bulk elements (MES, NH4Cl, KCl, K2SO4 and glycerol in MilliQ water at pH 7.4 (batch growth) or 7.6 (continuous culture)) were passed through a column containing Chelex-100 ion exchange resin (Bio-Rad) to remove contaminating cations. Trace elements (with no added Zn) and a CaCl2 solution were then added to give the final concentrations shown above prior to autoclaving. After autoclaving, MgCl2 and beta-glycerophosphate were added at the final concentrations shown above. All chemicals were of AnalaR grade of purity or higher. Chelex-100 was packed into a Bio-Rad Glass Econo-column (approximately 120 mm M-CM-^W 25 mm) that had previously been soaked in 3.5% nitric acid for 5 d. E. coli strain MG1655 was grown a custom-built chemostat made entirely of non-metal parts. Glass growth vessels and flow-back traps were soaked extensively (approximately two months) in 10% nitric acid before being rinsed thoroughly in MilliQ water. Vent filters (Vent Acro 50 from VWR) were connected to the vessel using PTFE tubing. Metal-free pipette tips were used (MAXYMum Recovery Filter Tips from Axygen). Culture volume was maintained at 120 ml using an overflow weir in the chemostat vessel. The dilution rate (and hence the specific growth rate) was 0.1 h-1. The vessel was inoculated using one of the side-arms. Flasks were placed on KMO 2 Basic IKA-Werke stirrers (arbitrary setting: 400). Stirring speed was calibrated (440 rpm) and matched between vessels using a handheld laser tachometer (Compact Instruments Ltd). Temperature was kept constant at 37 oC. Twice daily, a 2-ml sample was taken and used to test the pH (which stayed constant at pH 6.9), OD600 (0.6 at steady state), glycerol limitation, and contamination on nutrient agar plates. E. coli strain MG1655 was grown in a M-bM-^@M-^\Zn-freeM-bM-^@M-^] chemostat. Chemostats were grown for 50 h to allow five culture volumes to pass through the vessel and allow an apparent (pseudo-)steady state to be reached. At this point, ZnSO4.7H2O in water was added to a final concentration of 0.2 M in the chemostat. A 10 ml sample of culture was taken using a polypropylene pipette tip immediately prior to Zn addition and 2.5, 7, 10 and 30 min after addition. Total RNA was stabilised using RNAprotect (Qiagen). Total RNA was purified using QiagenM-bM-^@M-^Ys RNeasy mini kit. A control experiment was carried out in which water was added. Microarray slides were set up so that time points M-bM-^@M-^\with ZnM-bM-^@M-^] were compared to the same time point M-bM-^@M-^\without ZnM-bM-^@M-^] (e.g. 30 min after Zn was added was compared to 30 min after water being added). For each time point, equal quantities of RNA obtained after addition of zinc and addition of water were labelled by using nucleotide analogues of dCTP containing either Cy3 or Cy5 fluorescent dyes (Perkin Elmer). For each microarray slide, one sample was labelled with Cy3-dCTP, while the other sample was labelled with Cy5-dCTP. RNA (15-20 micrograms) was annealed to 9 micrograms pd(N)6 random hexamers (Amersham Biosciences) by heating at 65 oC for 10 min, followed by 10 min at 22 oC. This was supplemented with 4 microlitres of 5M-CM-^W First-strand buffer (Invitrogen), 2 microlitres dNTP mixture (5 mM each dATP, dTTP, dGTP and 2 mM dCTP), 2 microlitres 0.1 M DTT, 2 microlitres 1 mM Cy3 or Cy5 (Perkin Elmer) and 1 microlitre Superscript II reverse transcriptase (200 U) (Invitrogen). This was incubated at 42 oC for 2 hours. The reaction was terminated by the addition of NaOH (5 microlitres of 1M) and HCl (5 microlitres of 1M) before the addition of TE buffer (200 microlitres). Labelled cDNA was purified using a Qiaquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen). The Cy3-dCTP-labelled sample was mixed with the Cy5-dCTP-labelled sample and re-suspended in 120 microlitres salt-based hybridisation buffer (supplied with the microarray slides). This was heated at 95 oC for 3 min then cooled on ice for 3 min. The mixture was pipetted onto a microarray slide, sealed with a GeneFrame and coverslip in a hybridization chamber and incubated for 18 h at 42 M-BM-0C. Following hybridization, microarray slides (minus GeneFrame and coverslip) were washed in a series of pre-warmed (37 M-BM-0C) SSC buffers for 5 min each at 37oC: 1M-CM-^W SSC/0.1 % SDS, 1M-CM-^W SSC, 0.2M-CM-^W SSC and 0.01M-CM-^W SSC. Microarray slides were dried by centrifugation at 500 M-CM-^W g for 2 min before scanning. Slides were scanned on an Affymetrix 428 scanner. The average signal intensity and local background correction were obtained using a commercially available software package from Biodiscovery, Inc (Imagene, version 4.0 and GeneSight, version 3.5). Spots automatically flagged as bad, negative or poor in the Imagene software were removed before the statistical analysis was carried out in GeneSight. The mean values from each channel were log2 transformed and normalised using the Lowess method to remove intensity-dependent effects in the log2(ratios) values. The Cy3/Cy5 fluorescent ratios were calculated from the normalized values. Biological experiments were carried out twice times, and a dye swap performed for each experiment, providing at least two technical repeats for each of the two biological repeats at all five time points. Data from the independent experiments were combined. Genes that were differentially expressed M-bM-^IM-% twofold and displayed and P value of < 0.05 (as determined by a t test) were defined as being statistically significantly differentially transcribed.
2011-12-01 | E-GEOD-26187 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Escherichia coli strain MG1655 was grown in parallel chemostat cultures in GGM. In one chemostat the culture was fed adequate Zn; in the other, measures were taken to eliminate Zn from the chemostat vessel and culture medium. Culture volume (120 ml), temperature (37 oC) and stirring speed (437 rpm) were maintained. Steady state values for pH and OD600 were 6.9 and 0.6, respectively. After 50 hours, samples from the adequate Zn and Zn-limited chemostats were harvested into RNAprotect and total RNA was purified using Qiagen’s RNeasy Mini kit (using the supplier’s protocol) prior to use in microarray analysis. Biological experiments (i.e. a comparison of adequate versus low Zn in chemostat culture) were carried out three times, and a dye swap performed for each experiment, providing two technical repeats for each of the three biological repeats.
2009-05-29 | GSE11894 | GEO
Project description:Escherichia coli strain MG1655 was grown in parallel chemostat cultures in GGM. In one chemostat the culture was fed adequate Zn; in the other, measures were taken to eliminate Zn from the chemostat vessel and culture medium. Culture volume (120 ml), temperature (37 oC) and stirring speed (437 rpm) were maintained. Steady state values for pH and OD600 were 6.9 and 0.6, respectively. After 50 hours, samples from the adequate Zn and Zn-limited chemostats were harvested into RNAprotect and total RNA was purified using Qiagenâ??s RNeasy Mini kit (using the supplierâ??s protocol) prior to use in microarray analysis. Biological experiments (i.e. a comparison of adequate versus low Zn in chemostat culture) were carried out three times, and a dye swap performed for each experiment, providing two technical repeats for each of the three biological repeats. Cells were grown in glycerol-glycerophosphate medium (GGM). Final concentrations in GGM are: MES (40.0 mM), NH4Cl (18.7 mM), KCl (13.4 mM),beta-glycerophosphate (7.64 mM), glycerol (5.00 mM), K2SO4 (4.99 mM), MgCl2 (1.00 mM), EDTA (134 microM), CaCl2.2H2O (68.0 microM), FeCl3.6H2O (18.5 microM), ZnO (6.14 microM), H3BO3 (1.62 microM), CuCl2.2H2O (587 nM), CoNO3.6H2O (344 nM), and (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O (80.9 nM) in MilliQ water (Millipore). Bulk elements (MES, NH4Cl, KCl, K2SO4 and glycerol in MilliQ water at pH 7.4 (batch growth) or 7.6 (continuous culture)) were passed through a column containing Chelex-100 ion exchange resin (Bio-Rad) to remove contaminating cations. Trace elements (with or without Zn as necessary) and a CaCl2 solution were then added to give the final concentrations shown above prior to autoclaving. After autoclaving, MgCl2 and beta-glycerophosphate were added at the final concentrations shown above. All chemicals were of AnalaR grade of purity or higher. Chelex-100 was packed into a Bio-Rad Glass Econo-column (approximately 120 mm Ã? 25 mm) that had previously been soaked in 3.5% nitric acid for 5 d. E. coli strain MG1655 was grown in parallel custom-built chemostats made entirely of non-metal parts. One chemostat was fed medium that contained â??adequateâ?? Zn (that normally found in GGM), whilst the other contained no added Zn and had been actively depleted of Zn by use of the special precautions listed here. Glass growth vessels and flow-back traps were soaked extensively (approximately two months) in 10% nitric acid before being rinsed thoroughly in MilliQ water. Vent filters (Vent Acro 50 from VWR) were connected to the vessel using PTFE tubing. Metal-free pipette tips were used (MAXYMum Recovery Filter Tips from Axygen). Culture volume was maintained at 120 ml using an overflow weir in the chemostat vessel. The dilution rate (and hence the specific growth rate) was 0.1 h-1. The vessel was inoculated using one of the side-arms. Flasks were placed on KMO 2 Basic IKA-Werke stirrers (arbitrary setting: 400). Stirring speed was calibrated (437 rpm) and matched between vessels using a handheld laser tachometer (Compact Instruments Ltd). Temperature was kept constant at 37°C. Twice daily, a 2-ml sample was taken and used to test the pH (which stayed constant at pH 6.9), OD600 (0.6 at steady state), glycerol limitation, and contamination on nutrient agar plates. The â??Zn-freeâ?? chemostat was inoculated with cells that had been sub-cultured in Zn-free medium to deplete internal stores of Zn. A 0.25 ml aliquot of a saturated culture of strain MG1655 grown in LB was centrifuged and the pellet used to inoculate 5 ml of GGM that was incubated overnight at 37°C with shaking. A 2.4 ml (i.e. 2% of chemostat volume) aliquot of this was then used to inoculate the chemostat. The â??adequate Znâ?? chemostat was inoculated with cells treated in essentially the same way but grown in GGM containing an â??adequateâ?? level of Zn. The two cultures (+/- Zn) used to inoculate the chemostats had OD600 readings within 2.5% of each other. Chemostats were grown for 50 h to allow five culture volumes to pass through the vessel and allow an apparent (pseudo-)steady state to be reached. At this point, 10 ml samples were removed from the chemostats and total RNA was stabilised using RNAprotect (Qiagen). Total RNA was purified using Qiagenâ??s RNeasy mini kit. Equal quantities of RNA from adequate Zn and Zn-limited chemostats were labeld by using nucleotide analogues of dCTP containing either Cy3 or Cy5 fluorescent dyes (Perkin Elmer). For each microarray slide, one sample was labeld with Cy3-dCTP, while the other sample was labeld with Cy5-dCTP. RNA (15-20 micrograms) was annealed to 9 micrograms pd(N)6 random hexamers (Amersham Biosciences) by heating at 65°C for 10 min, followed by 10 min at 22°C. This was supplemented with 4 microlitres of 5Ã? First-strand buffer (Invitrogen), 2 microlitres dNTP mixture (5 mM each dATP, dTTP, dGTP and 2 mM dCTP), 2 microlitres 0.1 M DTT, 2 microlitres 1 mM Cy3 or Cy5 (Perkin Elmer) and 1 microlitre Superscript II reverse transcriptase (200 U) (Invitrogen). This was incubated at 42°C for 2 hours. The reaction was terminated by the addition of NaOH (5 microlitres of 1M) and HCl (5 microlitres of 1M) before the addition of TE buffer (200 microlitres). Labelled cDNA was purified using a Qiaquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen). The Cy3-dCTP-labeld sample was mixed with the Cy5-dCTP-labeld sample and re-suspended in 120 microlitres salt-based hybridisation buffer (supplied with the microarray slides). This was heated at 95°C for 3 min then cooled on ice for 3 min. The mixture was pipetted onto a microarray slide, sealed with a GeneFrame and coverslip in a hybridization chamber and incubated for 18 h at 42 °C. Following hybridization, microarray slides (minus GeneFrame and coverslip) were washed in a series of pre-warmed (37 °C) SSC buffers for 5 min each at 37°C: 1Ã? SSC/0.1 % SDS, 1Ã? SSC, 0.2Ã? SSC and 0.01Ã? SSC. Microarray slides were dried by centrifugation at 500 Ã? g for 2 min before scanning. Slides were scanned on an Affymetrix 428 scanner. The average signal intensity and local background correction were obtained using a commercially available software package from Biodiscovery, Inc (Imagene, version 4.0 and GeneSight, version 3.5). Spots automatically flagged as bad, negative or poor in the Imagene software were removed before the statistical analysis was carried out in GeneSight. The mean values from each channel were log2 transformed and normalised using the Lowess method to remove intensity-dependent effects in the log2(ratios) values. The Cy3/Cy5 or Cy5/Cy3 (test/reference) fluorescent ratios were calculated from the normalized values. Biological experiments (i.e. a comparison of adequate versus low Zn in chemostat culture) were carried out three times, and a dye swap performed for each experiment, providing two technical repeats for each of the three biological repeats. Data from the independent experiments were combined. Data from the independent experiments were combined. Genes that were differentially expressed â?¥ twofold and displayed and P value of < 0.05 (as determined by a t-test) were defined as being statistically significantly differentially transcribed.
2010-06-25 | E-GEOD-11894 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed during 7 and 28 days in seawater (control), seawater + acetone (solvent control, SC), and 10 micrograms per Litre of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP). TDCPP was added from a stock solution prepared in acetone, the volume added being 100 µL per 30 L aquaria. The same volume of acetone was added to SC aquaria. Mussel density was 20 mussels per each 30 L aquaria at the beginning of the experiment and varied between 15 ‒ 20 mussels/30 L aquaria during the 28 days exposure period. Exposure conditions were the following: T = 15.6 ± 0.7 ºC, S = 35.5 ± 0.5 ppt, pH = 7.9 ± 0.1, O2 = 7.9 ± 0.6 mg L-1 and 10:14h light:dark photoperiod. Water was renewed twice per week and mussels were fed before every water renewal with a mixture of phytoplankton representing 1% of mussel tissue dry weight.
2020-12-14 | PXD019720 | Pride
Project description:Escherichia coli strain MG1655 was grown in a New Brunswick Scientific Bioflow III Biofermentor under continuous culture (chemostat) conditions. Cells were grown in defined media containing 54 mM glycerol as the sole and limiting source of energy and carbon. The working volume was 1 litre, and the dilution rate 0.1 h-1. In order to establish anaerobic growth, nitrogen was sparged through the chemostat medium prior to inoculation and throughout the course of the experiment at a rate of 0.2 l/min. No dissolved oxygen was detectable using the OxyProbe. Sodium fumarate was added to anaerobic medium at a final concentration of 50 mM to act as a terminal electron acceptor. Cells were grown as above to steady-state, At steady-state, NOC-5 and NOC-7 were added to the chemostat culture and to the nutrient feed at a final concentration of 10 uM of each, unless otherwise stated. Samples were taken immediately prior to the addition of NOCs and after a period of 5 min exposure to NOC for subsequent analysis using microarrays. Cells were harvested directly into RNA Protect (Qiagen) to stabilize RNA, and total RNA was purified using Qiagen’s RNeasy Mini kit as recommended by the suppliers. Equal quantities of RNA from control and NOC-supplemented cultures were labelled using nucleotide analogues of dCTP containing either Cy3 or Cy5 fluorescent dyes. The average signal intensity and local background correction were obtained using a commercially available software package from Biodiscovery, Inc (Imagene, version 4.0 and GeneSight, version 3.5). The mean values from each channel were log2 transformed and normalised using the Lowess method to remove intensity-dependent effects in the log2(ratios) values. The Cy3/Cy5 fluorescent ratios were calculated from the normalized values. Keywords: Stress Reponse, Continuous culture, Chemostat, NO, Nitric oxide
2006-09-01 | GSE5076 | GEO
Project description:Escherichia coli strains MG1655 and an isogenic norR::Tn5 mutant were grown in a New Brunswick Scientific Bioflow III Biofermentor under continuous culture (chemostat) conditions. Cells were grown in defined media containing 54 mM glycerol as the sole and limiting source of energy and carbon. The working volume was 1 litre, and the dilution rate 0.1 h-1. In order to establish anaerobic growth, nitrogen was sparged through the chemostat medium prior to inoculation and throughout the course of the experiment at a rate of 0.2 l/min. No dissolved oxygen was detectable using the OxyProbe. Sodium fumarate was added at a final concentration of 50 mM to act as a terminal electron acceptor. Cells were grown as above to steady-state, At steady-state, NOC-5 and NOC-7 were added to the chemostat culture and to the nutrient feed at a final concentration of 10 uM of each. Samples were taken after a period of 5 min exposure to NOC for subsequent analysis using microarrays. Cells were harvested directly into RNA Protect (Qiagen) to stabilize RNA, and total RNA was purified using Qiagen’s RNeasy Mini kit as recommended by the suppliers. Equal quantities of RNA from Wild type and norR::Tn5 cultures were labelled using nucleotide analogues of dCTP containing either Cy3 or Cy5 fluorescent dyes. The average signal intensity and local background correction were obtained using a commercially available software package from Biodiscovery, Inc (Imagene, version 4.0 and GeneSight, version 3.5). The mean values from each channel were log2 transformed and normalised using the Lowess method to remove intensity-dependent effects in the log2(ratios) values. The Cy3/Cy5 fluorescent ratios were calculated from the normalized values Keywords: Mutant Comparison, stress response, nitric oxide, NorR, chemostat, continuous culture
2006-09-01 | GSE5084 | GEO
Project description:The capacity of respiring cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to instantaneously switch to fast alcoholic fermentation upon a transfer to anaerobic sugar-excess conditions is a key characteristic of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in many of its industrial applications. This transition was studied by exposing aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures grown at a low specific growth rate to two simultaneous perturbations: oxygen depletion and relief of glucose limitation. This shift towards fully fermentative conditions caused a massive transcriptional response, where one third of all genes within the genome were transcribed differentially. During the first 30 min, most of these changes were driven by relief from glucose limitation. An anaerobic induction response was only observed after the initial response to glucose excess. By comparing this study with public datasets representing dynamic and steady conditions, 14 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated genes were determined to be anaerobiosis specific and can therefore be use as âsignatureâ transcripts for anaerobicity under dynamic as well as under steady state conditions Experiment Overall Design: To invoke rapid and full induction of fermentative capacity, respiratory, aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures (D=0.1â¢h-1) were shifted to fully fermentative conditions by sudden depletion of oxygen and addition of glucose. The glucose was added two min after sparging the continuous culture with pure nitrogen, when the dissolved oxygen concentration had decreased from 75-80% to 10-15% of air saturation. Samples for micro-arrays were taken for each time point after the perturbation (5, 10, 30, 60 and 120 min) from two independently cultured replicates, while steady state data were taken from three independent chemostats. The complete dataset therefore comprised 13 samples.
2008-10-18 | E-GEOD-8187 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:In order to provide information about the gene expression response that occurs when cells experience a change in carbon source, succinate limited chemostat cultures of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 were grown to and maintained at an OD of ~0.63, transferred to flasks and methanol was added. Cells were harvested for RNA extraction at time: 0 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr and 6 hr post transition. At 30 min, a no methanol addition sample was extracted as a carbon starvation control. These data were used in conjunction with flux, enzymatic and metabolite measurements to assess the changes in central metabolism during this transition. Abstract from manuscript: When organisms experience environmental change, how does their metabolic network reset and adapt to the new condition? This study focused on the mechanisms of metabolic adaptation occurring during the transition from succinate to methanol growth by the methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens, analyzing changes in carbon flux, gene expression, metabolites and enzymatic activities over time. Initially, cells experienced metabolic imbalance with excretion of metabolites, changes in nucleotide levels and cessation of cell growth. Though assimilatory pathways were induced rapidly, a transient block in carbon flow to biomass synthesis occurred, and enzymatic assays suggested methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase as one control point. This “downstream priming” mechanism ensures that significant carbon flux through these pathways does not occur until they are fully induced, precluding the buildup of toxic intermediates. Most metabolites that are required for growth on both carbon sources did not change significantly, even though transcripts and enzymatic activities required for their production changed radically, underscoring the concept of metabolic setpoints. Gene expression in succinate limited chemostat cultures was compared to gene expression in cells transferred to flasks before and after methanol addition. As a control, a time = 0 sample (RNA prepared from cells harvested directly from the chemostat) was compared to a time = 0 sample immediately obtained after the cells were transferred to flasks, before methanol was added in order to identify changes due to flask transfer. A carbon starvation control was also done comparing expression from time = 0 (chemostat cells) to cells transferred to flasks for 30 min with no carbon source added. Two biological replicates each with two techinal replicates (dye swap) were analyzed for time = 0 (chemostat) vs 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr and 2 hr after methanol addition. One biological replicate with two technical replicates (dye swap) were analyzed for time = 0 (chemostat) vs time = 0 (flask transfer), and time = 0 (chemostat) vs time = 4 hr, 6 hr and 30 min no methanol addition.
2011-07-31 | E-GEOD-22031 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Escherichia coli strain MG1655 was grown in a New Brunswick Scientific Bioflow III Biofermentor under continuous culture (chemostat) conditions. Cells were grown in defined media containing 2 mM glycerol as the sole and limiting source of energy and carbon. The working volume was 200 ml, and the dilution rate 0.2 h-1. For aerobic growth, the air-flow rate was 0.1 l/min, and the dissolved oxygen tension was maintained at ~7% air saturation by measuring oxygen dissolved in the culture using a Broadley James D140 OxyProbe® electrode. For anaerobic growth, cells are grown on 100 % nitrogen gas bubbled at 0.1 l/min Cells were grown as above to steady-state, At steady-state, CORM-3 or iCORM-3 was added to the chemostat culture at a final concentration of 40 uM. Samples were taken immediately prior to the addition of CORM-3 or iCORM-3 and over a time course of 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 min exposure to (i)CORM-3 for subsequent analysis using microarrays. Cells were harvested directly into phenol:ethanol to stabilize RNA, and total RNA was purified using Qiagen’s RNeasy Mini kit as recommended by the suppliers.
2013-08-21 | GSE40811 | GEO
Project description:Escherichia coli strain MG1655 was grown in a New Brunswick Scientific Bioflow III Biofermentor under continuous culture (chemostat) conditions. Cells were grown in defined media containing 54 mM glycerol as the sole and limiting source of energy and carbon. The working volume was 1 litre, and the dilution rate 0.2 h-1. In order to establish anaerobic growth, nitrogen was sparged through the chemostat medium prior to inoculation and throughout the course of the experiment at a rate of 0.2 l/min. No dissolved oxygen was detectable using the OxyProbe. Sodium fumarate was added to anaerobic medium at a final concentration of 50 mM to act as a terminal electron acceptor. Cells were grown as above to steady-state, At steady-state, GSNO was added to the chemostat culture and to the nutrient feed at a final concentration of 200 uM unless otherwise stated. Samples were taken immediately prior to the addition of GSNO and after a period of 5 min exposure to GSNO for subsequent analysis using microarrays. Cells were harvested directly into RNA Protect (Qiagen) to stabilize RNA, and total RNA was purified using Qiagen’s RNeasy Mini kit as recommended by the suppliers. Equal quantities of RNA from control and GSNO-supplemented cultures were labelled using nucleotide analogues of dCTP containing either Cy3 or Cy5 fluorescent dyes. The average signal intensity and local background correction were obtained using a commercially available software package from Biodiscovery, Inc (Imagene, version 4.0 and GeneSight, version 3.5). The mean values from each channel were log2 transformed and normalised using the Lowess method to remove intensity-dependent effects in the log2(ratios) values. The Cy3/Cy5 fluorescent ratios were calculated from the normalized values. Keywords: dose response
2005-04-06 | GSE2129 | GEO