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Regulation of myogenic progenitor proliferation in human fetal skeletal muscle by BMP4 and its antagonist Gremlin.

ABSTRACT: Analysis of the transcriptome of mononuclear side population (SP) and main population (MP) cells of human fetal skeletal muscle from 12 human subjects of gestational age 14-18 weeks.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE26869 | GEO | 2011/01/26

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA135999

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Melanoma remains the most lethal skin cancer, mainly because of high resistance to therapy. Side population (SP) cells are found in many types of cancer and are usually enriched in therapy-resistant as well as tumorigenic cells. Here, we identified a Hoechst dye-effluxing SP in a large series of human melanoma samples representing different progression phases. The SP size did not change with disease stage but was correlated with the prognostic “Breslow’s depth” in the primary (cutaneous) tumors. When injected into immunodeficient mice, the SP generated larger tumors than the bulk “main population” (MP) melanoma cells in two consecutive generations, and showed tumorigenic capacity at lower cell numbers than the MP. In addition, the SP reconstituted the heterogeneous composition of the human A375 melanoma cell line, and its clonogenic activity was 2.5-fold higher than that of the MP. Gene-expression analysis revealed upregulated expression in the melanoma SP (versus the MP) of genes associated with chemoresistance and anti-apoptosis. Consistent with these molecular characteristics, the SP increased in proportion when A375 cells were exposed to the melanoma standard chemotherapeutic agent dacarbazine, and to the aggravating condition of hypoxia. In addition, the SP showed enhanced expression of genes related to cell invasion and migration, as well as to putative (melanoma) cancer stem cells (CSC) including ABCB1 and JARID1B. ABCB1 immunoreactivity was detected in a number of tumor cells in human melanomas, and in particular in clusters at the invasive front of the primary tumors. Together, our findings support that the human melanoma SP is enriched in tumorigenic and chemoresistant capacity, considered key characteristics of CSC. The melanoma SP may therefore represent an interesting therapeutic target. Four primary melanomas (subtype SSMM) were dissociated into single cells. From each of these single cell suspensions, side population (SP) and bulk \main population\ (MP) cells were isolated based on their Hoechst-effluxing capability using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Gene expression of SP cells is analyzed relative to the gene expression of the corresponding MP cells.

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Regulation of myogenic progenitor proliferation in human fetal skeletal muscle by BMP4 and its antagonist Gremlin.

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