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Transforming pluripotency: an exon-level study of malignancy-specific transcripts in human embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells

ABSTRACT: Exon-level transcriptome analysis of embryonal carcinoma (EC) and embryonic stem (ES) cell lines. To circumvent difficulties of isolating pure populations of cancer stem cells for the purpose of identifying malignancy-specific gene expression, we have compared exon-resolution transcriptomic profiles of five embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines, a histological subtype of germ cell tumour, to their non-malignant caricature, specifically six human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines. Both cell types are readily accessible, and were purified for undifferentiated cells only. We identified a set of 28 differentially expressed genes, many of which had cancer and stemness roles. Overexpression of the recently discovered pluripotency gene NR5A2 in malignant EC cells revealed an intriguing indication of how WNT-mediated dysregulation of pluripotency is involved with malignancy. At the exon-level, alternative splicing events were detected in ZNF195, DNMT3B and PMF1, and alternative promoters were detected for ASH2L and ETV5. These events were validated by RT-PCR-based methods in EC and ES lines, and further explored within a series of 25 primary tumours, where the alternative splicing event in the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B may have functional consequences. In conclusion, we have identified malignancy-specific gene expression differences within a rigorous pluripotent stem cell context. These findings are of particular interest for both germ cell tumour and ES cell biology, and in general to the concept of cancer stem cells.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE34855 | GEO | 2015/01/01

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA150117

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are the stem cells of nonseminoma testicular germ cells tumors (TGCTs) and share remarkable similarities to human embryonic stem (ES) cells. In prior work we found that EC cells are hypersensitive to low nanomolar doses of 5-aza deoxycytidine (5-aza) and that this hypersensitivity partially depended on unusually high levels of the DNA methyltransferase, DNMT3B. We show here that low-dose 5-aza treatment results in DNA damage and induction of p53 in NT2/D1 cells. In addition, low-dose 5-aza results in global and gene specific promoter DNA hypomethylation. Low-dose 5-aza induces a p53 transcriptional signature distinct from that induced with cisplatin in NT2/D1 cells and also uniquely downregulates genes associated with pluripotency including NANOG, SOX2, GDF3 and Myc target genes. Changes in the p53 and pluripotency signatures with 5-aza were to a large extent dependent on high levels of DNMT3B. In contrast to the majority of p53 target genes upregulated by 5-aza that did not show DNA hypomethylation, several other genes induced with 5-aza had corresponding decreases in promoter methylation. These genes include RIN1, SOX15, GPER, and TLR4 and are novel candidate tumors suppressors in TGCTs. Our studies suggest that the hypersensitivity of NT2/D1 cells to low-dose 5-aza is multifactorial and involves the combined activation of p53 targets, repression of pluripotency genes, and activation of genes repressed by DNA methylation. Low-dose 5-aza therapy may be a general strategy to treat those tumors that are sustained by cells with embryonic stem-like properties. Total RNA obtained from wild-type NT2/D1 cells treated with vehicle (control) or 10 nM 5-aza deoxycytidine for 1 day (1day) or 10 nM 5-aza deoxycytidine for 3 days (3day) or treated with 0.5 uM cisplatin (cispl) for 6 hours followed by a 24 hour recovery before harvest. Four groups in biological triplicate for total of 12 hybridizations on Illumina HT-12v4 beadarray.

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Transforming pluripotency: an exon-level study of malignancy-specific transcripts in human embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells

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