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Aged animals generate a robust immune response against swine origin 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus

ABSTRACT: In June 2009, the World Health Organization declared the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century, due to the emergence and rapid spread of new swine origin H1N1 influenza A virus. In contrast to seasonal influenza infections, which typically cause morbidity and mortality in the elderly, this virus caused severe infection in young adults and not the elderly. This phenomenon was attributed to the presence of cross-neutralizing antibodies acquired by older individuals from previous exposure to swine origin influenza. However, this hypothesis could not be empirically tested using clinical data. To address this question, we investigated viral replication and the development of the immune response in naï12 years old) and aged (20 to 24 years old) female rhesus macaques infected with A/California/04/2009 (H1N1), one of the circulating pandemic strains in 2009. We compared viral loads as well as the kinetics and magnitude of the adaptive immune response in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples (BAL) collected longitudinally for 99 days post-infection. Although, adult animals exhibited earlier T cell responses in peripheral blood, aged animals generated a robust T cell response with comparable kinetics and magnitude as those observed in young animals in BAL. Moreover, aged animals generated a higher hemagglutination inhibition titer compared to young animals. We also measured the concentration of several cytokines in BAL supernatant. With the exception of IL-8, which was higher in aged animals, we found no differences in IFNa, IFNb, TNFa, IL-1r, IL-6, IL-15, IL-17, or MCP1 levels. Finally, we compared gene expression infection using microarray analysis of BAL samples taken on days 0, 4, 7, 10, and 14 pi. Our analyses revealed that the largest difference in host response between aged and young animals was detected day 4 post-infection, with significant enrichment for genes associated with inflammation, the innate immune response, and T cell activation in aged animals. The ability of aged animals to generate a robust immune response, especially antibody response, following infection with 2009 H1N1 virus could explain the lack of morbidity normally observed with seasonal influenza viruses in this vulnerable population.

ORGANISM(S): Macaca mulatta

PROVIDER: GSE38502 | GEO | 2012/06/06

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA168088

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:In June 2009, the World Health Organization declared the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century, due to the emergence and rapid spread of new swine origin H1N1 influenza A virus. In contrast to seasonal influenza infections, which typically cause morbidity and mortality in the elderly, this virus caused severe infection in young adults and not the elderly. This phenomenon was attributed to the presence of cross-neutralizing antibodies acquired by older individuals from previous exposure to swine origin influenza. However, this hypothesis could not be empirically tested using clinical data. To address this question, we investigated viral replication and the development of the immune response in naï12 years old) and aged (20 to 24 years old) female rhesus macaques infected with A/California/04/2009 (H1N1), one of the circulating pandemic strains in 2009. We compared viral loads as well as the kinetics and magnitude of the adaptive immune response in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples (BAL) collected longitudinally for 99 days post-infection. Although, adult animals exhibited earlier T cell responses in peripheral blood, aged animals generated a robust T cell response with comparable kinetics and magnitude as those observed in young animals in BAL. Moreover, aged animals generated a higher hemagglutination inhibition titer compared to young animals. We also measured the concentration of several cytokines in BAL supernatant. With the exception of IL-8, which was higher in aged animals, we found no differences in IFNa, IFNb, TNFa, IL-1r, IL-6, IL-15, IL-17, or MCP1 levels. Finally, we compared gene expression infection using microarray analysis of BAL samples taken on days 0, 4, 7, 10, and 14 pi. Our analyses revealed that the largest difference in host response between aged and young animals was detected day 4 post-infection, with significant enrichment for genes associated with inflammation, the innate immune response, and T cell activation in aged animals. The ability of aged animals to generate a robust immune response, especially antibody response, following infection with 2009 H1N1 virus could explain the lack of morbidity normally observed with seasonal influenza viruses in this vulnerable population. 16 female rhesus macaques (Macaca Mulatta) 10-12 (Adult) and 20-24 years (Old/Aged) of age were used in these studies. Animals were infected with A/California/04/ 2009 H1N1 using a combinatory of intra-tracheal (4ml), intranasal (0.5 ml/nostril), and conjunctival (0.5 ml/eyelid) routes for a total dose of 7x106 TCID50 dose. Microarray analysis was performed on Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples collected on days 0, 4, 7, 10 and 14. Note: One of the Day 0 array did not pass QC metrics so for this animal the average of the other Day 0 samples from that group was utilized. At the end of the study animals were released back to the colony.

Project description:While pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A viruses were responsible for numerous severe infections in humans, these viruses do not typically cause corresponding severe disease in mammalian models. However, the generation of a virulent 2009 H1N1 virus following serial lung passage in mice has allowed for the modeling of human lung pathology in this species. Genetic determinants of mouse-adapted 2009 H1N1 viral pathogenicity have been identified, but the molecular and signaling characteristics of the host response following infection with this adapted virus have not been described. Here, we compared the gene-expression response following infection of mice with A/CA/04/2009 (CA/04) or the virulent mouse-adapted strain (MA-CA/04). Microarray analysis revealed that increased pathogenicity of MA-CA/04 was associated with: (1) early and sustained inflammatory and interferon response that could be driven in part by interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and increased NFM-oM-^AM-+B activation, as well as inhibition of the negative regulator TRIM24, (2) early and persistent infiltration of immune cells, including inflammatory macrophages, and (3) the absence of activation of lipid metabolism later in infection, that may be mediated by nuclear receptors inhibition, including PPARG, HNF1A and 4A, with pro-inflammatory consequences. Further investigation of these signatures in the host response to other H1N1 viruses of varied pathogenicity confirmed their general relevance for virulence of influenza virus and suggested that lung response to MA-CA/04 virus was similar to that following lethal H1N1 r1918 influenza virus. This study links for the first time differential activation of IRFs, nuclear receptors, and macrophage infiltration with influenza virulence in vivo. Six-to-eight-week-old female BALB/c mice were anesthetized and inoculated with 50 M-NM-<l of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; Mock) or with 10^6 pfu of virus in a 50 M-NM-<l volume. Nine animals per condition group were used for tarray analysis, two or three animals per time point. There were seven condition groups: A/California/04/2009, MA1-A/California/04/2009, A/Mexico/4482/09, A/Brisbane/59/07, A/New Jersey/8/76, the reconstructed 1918 virus and timeM-bM-^@M-^Smatched mocks.

Project description:Background: The 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus emerged in swine and quickly became a major global health threat. In mouse, non-human primate, and swine infection models, the pH1N1 virus efficiently replicates in the lung and induces pro-inflammatory host responses; however, whether similar or different cellular pathways were impacted by pH1N1 virus across independent infection models remains to be further defined. To address this, we have performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of acute host responses to a single pH1N1 influenza virus, A/California/04/2009 (CA04), in the lung of mice, macaques and swine. Results: Despite similarities in the clinical course, we observed differences in inflammatory molecules elicited, and the kinetics of their gene expression changes across all three species. The retinoid X receptor (RXR) signaling pathway controlling pro-inflammatory and metabolic processes was differentially regulated during infection in each species, though the heterodimeric RXR partner, pathway associated signaling molecules, and gene expression patterns differed in each species. Conclusions: By comparing transcriptional changes in the context of clinical and virological measures, we identified differences in the host transcriptional response to pH1N1 virus across independent models of acute infection. Antiviral resistance and the emergence of new influenza viruses have placed more focus on developing drugs that target the immune system. Underlying overt clinical disease are molecular events that suggest therapeutic targets identified in one host may not be appropriate in another. The goal of this experiment was to use global gene expression profiling to understand mouse lung cellular responses to pandemic H1N1 influenza A/Californica/04/2009 virus infection. Six-to-eight-week-old female BALB/c mice were anesthetized and inoculated with either 50 Î¼l of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; Mock) or with 10^6 pfu of pandemic H1N1 influenza A/California/04/2009 virus in a 50 Î¼l volume, and whole lungs were collected at days 1, 3 and 5 post-inoculation. Lung samples from 9 animals for the infection group were used for array analysis, three animals per time point. Lung samples from 8 animals for the mock group were used for array analysis, three animals for the day 1 and 3 time points and 2 animals for the day 5 time point.

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Aged animals generate a robust immune response against swine origin 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus

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