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Exercise training effects on disease resistance are dependent on training regimes and inherent swimming performance in Atlantic salmon

ABSTRACT: Atlantic salmon juveniles were screened for swimming performance and separated into either poor or good swimmers. After ten weeks of rearing in fresh water, during which both swimming performance groups were part of an exercise training experiment, fish were transferred to seawater and challenged with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in a co-habitation test. When mortality curve levelled out (45 days post commencement of challenge test), fish that had previously been categorized as good swimmers displayed a significantly higher survival (86.1%) compared to poor swimmers (77.6%). Global gene expression analyses were performed to search for disease resistance correlates. Cardiac ventricle expression of 21 genes was greater in poor swimmers than in good swimmers. These genes were previously classified as virus-responsive genes (VRGs), being reliable markers of viral load. This suggested that inherent swimming performance is associated with higher disease resistance.

ORGANISM(S): Salmo salar

PROVIDER: GSE38603 | GEO | 2012/06/09

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA168239

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a fish-derived pathogen and possess a bi-segmented, double-stranded RNA genome. By using zebrafish 14K oligo-microarray and quantitative RT-PCR, we identified differential expression of a defined subset of genes involved in apoptosis and immunity at 6-, 12- and 24- hour after IPNV infection. Transcripts divided into 11 functional categories were significantly modulated by IPNV, including immune response, apoptosis, transcription, signal transduction, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, cell cycle, protein degradation, protein folding and stress response, protein synthesis, nucleoside metabolism and synthesis. Most of pro-apoptotic bcl-2 family members were up-regulated after IPNV infection. Activation of pro-apoptotic members might disrupt potential of mitochondria and leaded to the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in the late stage of IPNV infection. After treating the IPNV-infected cells with TNFM-NM-1 inhibitor AP126, expression of two bcl-2 family genes Bad and Bid and activation of caspase-8 and -3 had been inhibited significantly in early stage of IPNV infection. Expression of RIP-1 and Bmf-1 these two necroptosis-related genes and production of ROS were diminished in virus-infected cells which pre-treated with AP126. Our study shows the interactions between host cells and IPNV, the molecular mechanisms involved in IPNV-induced pathogenesis, and the variation of transcriptome through TNFM-NM-1 during infection which shows the important component of host defense. TNFM-NM-1 might lead to apoptosis in early stage and necrosis in late stage in ZF4 cells infected by IPNV. TNFM-NM-1 is crucial to apoptosis and ROS-mediated necrosis caused by IPNV in zebrafish cells. Zebrafish ZF4 cell line was derived from 24h post-fertilization zebrafish embryos. Previous studies have been shown that adult zebrafish and zebrafish cell line could be infected with IPNV. In the present study, ZF4 cells were infected with IPNV, and total RNA was isolated from infected and uninfected control cells at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h post-infection. Microarray analysis gene expression between IPNV-infected and uninfected cells relative to internal control on slides. The zebrafish 14K oligo microarray we used comprise 1800 zebrafish gene sequences from the NCBI and a database of 12768 putative open reading frames using NCBI zebrafish EST sequence information. Data files were imported into GeneSpring GX 7.3 for further analysis. Expression data sets must pass all the following quality control categories before used for cluster analysis. Clustering analysis allowed us to observe differences in cellular gene expression. A similar expression pattern was seen when comparing differentially expressed host cell genes between 12 and 24 h post-infection. The expression profiles were significantly different between 6 and 12 h post-infection. Therefore, we conclude that the regulation of host gene expression was changed after 12 h post-infection, and progressed into the late stage. To understand the interactions between host cells and IPNV and the molecular mechanisms involved in IPNV-induced pathogenesis, we used zebrafish oligo microarrays to investigate the gene expression profiles of IPNV-infected zebrafish embryonic cells. We also studied expression of specific genes related to immune response and apoptosis which were not present on the microarray we used by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. We used Pathway StudioM-bM-^@M-^Ys software to analyze the altered genes in cellular pathway for IPNV, TNFM-NM-1 was shown to be crucial to these genes of host response. Our study proved the variation of transcriptome during infection, which shows the activation of important component of host defense, apoptosis and necrosis through TNFM-NM-1 mediate pathway.

Project description:Training at sustainable swimming speeds can produce changes in fish skeletal muscle that are important for aquaculture due to their growth-potentiating effects. Such changes may be even more relevant when fish are fed diets containing an increasing proportion of carbohydrates as an energy source. We evaluated the effects of moderate-intensity sustained swimming on the transcriptomic response of red and white muscle in rainbow trout fed a carbohydrate-rich diet using microarray and qPCR. Analysis of the red and white muscle transcriptome revealed significant changes in the expression of a large number of genes (395 and 597, respectively), with a total of 218 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common for both muscles. A large number of the genes involved in glucose use and energy generation, contraction, development, synthesis and catabolism of proteins were up-regulated in red and white muscle. Additionally, DEGs in both muscles were involved in processes of defense response and apoptosis. Skeletal muscle contraction activates a transcriptional program required for the successful adaptation of both muscles to the changing demands imposed by swimming conditions. Future studies should further clarify the mechanisms involved in the adaptation of both tissues to exercise and assess possible benefits of such conditions for cultured fish. Total RNA from pooled red and white skeletal muscle samples of individual rainbow trout from each group (resting fish, n=8; swimming fish, n=8) was labeled with Cy3-dUTP and Cy5-dUTP (GE Healthcare, Barcelona, Spain). We used a dye swap experimental design and each cDNA from a pooled RNA sample was hybridized to two microarrays. For the first slide, cDNAs from resting and swimming fish were labeled with Cy5 and Cy3, respectively, and for the second array dye assignment was reversed. Therefore, samples from individual fish within each group were pooled and expression values shown represent the means of 6 M-CM-^W 2 = 12 technical replicates. A total of four slides were used in this study

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Exercise training effects on disease resistance are dependent on training regimes and inherent swimming performance in Atlantic salmon

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