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CINCINNATA Controls Surface Curvature of Antirrhinum Leaf by Coordinated and Direct Activation of Cytokinin and Auxin Signaling

ABSTRACT: Mutations in the CINCINNATA gene in Antirrhinum and its orthologues in Arabidopsis cause negative surface curvature in leaves due to excess marginal growth. CIN-like genes code for TCP transcription factors and are expressed in a broad zone of a growing leaf somewhat distal to the proliferation zone. Although a few TCP targets are known, the role of CIN-like TCP genes in regulating leaf curvature has remained unclear. We have compared the global transcription profile of wild type and cincinnata mutant to identify its targets. By combining DNA-protein interaction, chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA in situ hybridization, we show that CIN maintains surface flatness by regulating signaling or level of major plant hormones. CIN promotes cytokinin signaling directly and GA level indirectly, in accelerating maturity in leaf cells along the tip-to-base direction. In addition, CIN suppresses auxin signaling more at the margin than centre by establishing a margin-to-medial expression gradient of a homologue of the auxin suppressor IAA3. Our results uncover an underlying mechanism in a developing leaf that controls maturity of leaf and its surface curvature. Considering the conservation of CIN-like genes and their function in leaf morphogenesis in multiple plant species, it is likely that such mechanism is evolutionarily conserved.

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis thaliana Antirrhinum majus

PROVIDER: GSE40621 | GEO | 2013/05/01

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA174406

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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CINCINNATA Controls Surface Curvature of Antirrhinum Leaf by Coordinated and Direct Activation of Cytokinin and Auxin Signaling

Project description:Mutations in the CINCINNATA gene in Antirrhinum and its orthologues in Arabidopsis cause negative surface curvature in leaves due to excess marginal growth. CIN-like genes code for TCP transcription factors and are expressed in a broad zone of a growing leaf somewhat distal to the proliferation zone. Although a few TCP targets are known, the role of CIN-like TCP genes in regulating leaf curvature has remained unclear. We have compared the global transcription profile of wild type and cincinnata mutant to identify its targets. By combining DNA-protein interaction, chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA in situ hybridization, we show that CIN maintains surface flatness by regulating signaling or level of major plant hormones. CIN promotes cytokinin signaling directly and GA level indirectly, in accelerating maturity in leaf cells along the tip-to-base direction. In addition, CIN suppresses auxin signaling more at the margin than centre by establishing a margin-to-medial expression gradient of a homologue of the auxin suppressor IAA3. Our results uncover an underlying mechanism in a developing leaf that controls maturity of leaf and its surface curvature. Considering the conservation of CIN-like genes and their function in leaf morphogenesis in multiple plant species, it is likely that such mechanism is evolutionarily conserved. Two color Experiment, Organism: Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum. Arrays Used: 1. Agilent Arabidopsis thaliana Gene expression Microarray 22k (AMADID: 013324) 2. Agilent Custom Arabidopsis thaliana 4x44k Gene Expression (AMADID: 015226) 3. Agilent custom Antirrhinum 4x44k Gene expression (AMADID: 016341) designed by Genotypic Technology Private Limited.

2013-05-01 | E-GEOD-40621 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Leaf margins of indeterminate Arabidopsis leaves

Project description:Leaves are flat determinate organs derived from indeterminate shoot apical meristems. The presence of a specific leaf meristem is debated, as anatomical features typical of meristems are not present in leaves. Here we demonstrate that multiple NGATHA (NGA) and CINCINNATA-class-TCP (CIN-TCP) transcription factors act redundantly to suppress activity of a leaf margin meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana, and that their absence confers persistent marginal growth of leaves, cotyledons and floral organs. The marginal meristem is activated by the juxtaposition of adaxial and abaxial domains and maintained by WOX homeobox transcription factors, but other margin elaboration genes are dispensable for its maintenance. This genetic framework parallels the morphogenetic program of shoot apical meristems and may represent a relic from an ancestral shoot system from which seed plant leaves evolved.

2016-10-03 | GSE78693 | GEO

LsAP2 regulates leaf morphology by inhibiting CIN-like TCP transcription factors and repressing LsKAN2 in lettuce

Project description:Leaf size and flatness directly affect photosynthesis and are closely related to agricultural yield. The final leaf size and shape are coordinately determined by cell proliferation, differentiation, and expansion during leaf development. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most important leafy vegetables worldwide, and lettuce leaves vary in shape and size. However, the molecular mechanisms of leaf development in lettuce are largely unknown. In this study, we showed that the lettuce APETALA2 (LsAP2) gene regulates leaf morphology. LsAP2 encodes a transcriptional repressor that contains the conserved EAR motif, which mediates interactions with the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) corepressors. Overexpression of LsAP2 led to small and crinkly leaves, and many bulges were seen on the surface of the leaf blade. LsAP2 physically interacted with the CINCINNATA (CIN)-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors and inhibited their transcriptional activation activity. RNA sequencing analysis showed that LsAP2 affected the expression of auxin- and polarity-related genes. In addition, LsAP2 directly repressed the abaxial identity gene KANADI2 (LsKAN2). Together, these results indicate that LsAP2 regulates leaf morphology by inhibiting CIN-like TCP transcription factors and repressing LsKAN2, and our work provides insights into the regulatory mechanisms of leaf development in lettuce.

2021-03-29 | GSE168886 | GEO

RNAi profiling of Arabidopsis knocked down and overexpressing CIN-TCP genes

Project description:Leaf development has been monitored chiefly by following anatomical markers. Analysis of transcriptome dynamics during leaf maturation revealed multiple expression patterns that rise or fall with age or that display age specific peaks. These were used to formulate a digital differentiation index (DDI), based on a set of selected markers with informative expression during leaf ontogeny. The leaf-based DDI reliably predicted the developmental state of leaf samples from diverse sources and was independent of mitotic cell division transcripts or propensity of the specific cell type. When calibrated by informative root markers, the same algorithm accurately diagnosed dissected root samples. We used the DDI to characterize plants with reduced activities of multiple CINCINNATA (CIN)-TCP growth regulators. These plants had giant curled leaves made up of small cells with abnormal shape, low DDI scores and low expression of mitosis markers, depicting the primary role of CIN-TCPs as promoters of differentiation. Delayed activity of several CIN-TCPs resulted in abnormally large but flat leaves with regular cells. The application of DDI has therefore portrayed the CIN-TCPs as heterochronic regulators that permit the development of a flexible and robust leaf form through an ordered and protracted maturation schedule. Experiment Overall Design: Vegetative apices of arabidopsis plants from modified CIN-TCP activity were collected. Experiment Overall Design: 1. Overexpression of an artificial microRNA targeting TCP5, TCP13 and TCP17 Experiment Overall Design: 2. Overexpression of the endogenous microRNA 319b targeting TCP2, TCP3, TCP4, TCP10 and TCP24 Experiment Overall Design: 3. the combination of the two microRNA, knocking down the eight CIN-TCP Experiment Overall Design: 4. Overexpression of TCP4 under the leaf specific BLS promoter

2008-10-25 | E-GEOD-12691 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Knockdown and overexpression of CIN-TCP genes

2008-09-17 | GSE12691 | GEO

CINCINNATA Controls Surface Curvature of Antirrhinum Leaf by Coordinated and Direct Activation of Cytokinin and Auxin Signaling

Project description:CINCINNATA Controls Surface Curvature of Antirrhinum Leaf by Coordinated and Direct Activation of Cytokinin and Auxin Signaling

| PRJNA174406 | ENA

Spatial control of gene expression by miR319-regulated TCP transcription factors in leaf development

Project description:The characteristic leaf shapes we see in all plants are in good part outcome of the combined action of several transcription factor networks that translate into cell division activity during the early development of the organ. We show here that wild-type leaves have distinct transcriptomic profiles in center and marginal regions. Certain transcripts are enriched in margins, including those of CINCINNATA-like TCPs, and members of the NGATHA (NGA) and STYLISH (STY) gene families. We study in detail the contribution of miR319 regulated TCP (Teosinte branched, Cycloidea, PCF1/2) transcription factors to the development of the center and marginal regions of Arabidopsis leaves. We compare in molecular analyses wildtype, a tcp2 tcp4 mutant that has enlarged flat leaves and a tcp2 tcp3 tcp4 tcp10 mutant with strongly crinkled leaves. The different leaf domains of the tcp mutants show changed expression patterns for many photosynthesis related genes, indicating delayed differentiation, especially in the marginal parts of the organ. At the same time, we found an upregulation of cyclin genes and other genes that are known to participate in cell division, specifically in the marginal regions of tcp2 tcp3 tcp4 tcp10. Using GUS reporter constructs we confirmed extended mitotic activity in the tcp2 tcp3 tcp4 tcp10 leaf which persisted in small defined foci in the margins when the mitotic activity had already ceased in wild-type leaves. Our results describe the role of miR319-regulated TCP transcription factors in the coordination of activities in different leaf domains during the organs development.

2017-11-20 | GSE99854 | GEO

Arabidopsis thaliana

Project description:Knockdown and overexpression of CIN-TCP genes

| PRJNA112699 | ENA

LsAP2 regulates leaf morphology by inhibiting CIN-like TCP transcription factors and repressing LsKAN2 in lettuce

Project description:LsAP2 regulates leaf morphology by inhibiting CIN-like TCP transcription factors and repressing LsKAN2 in lettuce

| PRJNA714420 | ENA

Tropic-stimulus induced changes in gene expression

Project description:Plants, although sessile, can reorient growth axes in response to changing environmental conditions. Phototropism and gravitropism represent adaptive growth responses induced by changes in light direction and growth axis orientation relative to gravitational direction, respectively. The nearly 80-year-old Cholodny-Went theory Went, F.W. & Thimann, K.V. Phytohormones (1937) (Macmillan, New York) predicts that formation of a gradient of the plant morphogen auxin is central to the establishment of tropic curvature. Loss of tropic responses in seedling stems of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking the auxin-regulated transcriptional activator NPH4/ARF7 has further suggested that a gradient of gene expression represents an essential output from the auxin gradient. Yet, the molecular identities of such output components, which are likely to encode proteins directly involved in growth control, have remained elusive. Here we report the discovery of a suite of tropic stimulus-induced (TSI) genes in Brassica oleracea that are responsive to an auxin gradient, and exhibit morphologically graded expression concomitant with, or before, observable curvature responses. These results provide compelling molecular support for the Cholodny-Went theory, and suggest that morphologically-graded transcription represents an important mechanism for interpreting tropically-stimulated gradients of auxin. Intriguingly, two of the TSI genes, EXPA1 and EXPA8, encode enzymes involved in cell wall extension, a response prerequisite for differential growth leading to curvatures, and are upregulated prior to curvature in the flank that will elongate. This observation suggests that morphologically-graded transcription likely leads to the graded expression of proteins whose activities can directly regulate the establishment and modulation of tropic curvatures. Keywords: tropic response, repeat

2006-01-09 | GSE3847 | GEO

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