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Transcriptional analysis of type 1 diabetes reveals an interferon signature that precedes T cell activation

ABSTRACT: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease triggered by T cell reactivity to protein antigens produced by the β-cells. Here we present a chronological compendium of transcriptional profiles from islets of Langerhans isolated from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice ranging from 2 wks up to diabetes and compared to controls. Parallel analysis was made of cellular components of the islets. Myeloid cells populated the islets early during development in all mouse strains. This was followed by a type I interferon signature detectable at 4-6 wks of age only in diabetes susceptible mice. Concurrently, CD4 T cells were found within islets, many in contact with intra-islet antigen presenting cells. Early cellular signs of islet reactivity were detected by six wks. By 8 wks, NOD islets contained all major leukocytes populations and an inflammatory gene signature. This work establishes the natural transcriptional signature of T1D and provides a resource for future research.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE41203 | GEO | 2013/01/28

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA176145

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Transcriptional analysis of type 1 diabetes reveals an interferon signature that precedes T cell activation

Project description:Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease triggered by T cell reactivity to protein antigens produced by the β-cells. Here we present a chronological compendium of transcriptional profiles from islets of Langerhans isolated from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice ranging from 2 wks up to diabetes and compared to controls. Parallel analysis was made of cellular components of the islets. Myeloid cells populated the islets early during development in all mouse strains. This was followed by a type I interferon signature detectable at 4-6 wks of age only in diabetes susceptible mice. Concurrently, CD4 T cells were found within islets, many in contact with intra-islet antigen presenting cells. Early cellular signs of islet reactivity were detected by six wks. By 8 wks, NOD islets contained all major leukocytes populations and an inflammatory gene signature. This work establishes the natural transcriptional signature of T1D and provides a resource for future research. 57 RNA samples isolated from the pancreatic islets of langerhans of experimental mice: 2-18 wk old non-obese diabetic (NOD) and newly diabetic NOD were compared to controls: NOD.RAG-/-, B6.g7 and C57BL/6. There were 3 or 6 biological replicates per condition. All mice were female. All data was normalized using RMA in Arraystar. Data table includes normalized probe intensity for every probe.

2013-01-28 | E-GEOD-41203 | biostudies-arrayexpress

A discovery-based proteomics approach identifies protein disulfide isomerase (PDIA1) as a biomarker of β cell stress in type 1 diabetes

Project description:Background: Activation of stress pathways intrinsic to the β cell are thought to both accelerate β cell death and increase β cell immunogenicity in type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, information on the timing and scope of these responses is lacking. Methods: To identify temporal and disease-related changes in islet β cell protein expression, SWATH-MS/MS proteomics analysis was performed on islets collected longitudinally from NOD mice and NOD-SCID mice rendered diabetic through T cell adoptive transfer. Findings: In islets collected from female NOD mice at 10, 12, and 14 weeks of age, we found a time-restricted upregulation of proteins involved in the maintenance of β cell function and stress mitigation, followed by loss of expression of protective proteins that heralded diabetes onset. Pathway analysis identified EIF2 signaling and the unfolded protein response, mTOR signaling, mitochondrial function, and oxidative phosphorylation as commonly modulated pathways in both diabetic NOD mice and NOD-SCID mice rendered acutely diabetic by adoptive transfer, highlighting this core set of pathways in T1D pathogenesis. In immunofluorescence validation studies, β cell expression of protein disulfide isomerase A1 (PDIA1) and 14-3-3b were found to be increased during disease progression in NOD islets, while PDIA1 plasma levels were increased in pre-diabetic NOD mice and in the serum of children with recent-onset T1D compared to age and sex-matched non-diabetic controls. Interpretation: We identified a common and core set of modulated pathways across distinct mouse models of T1D and identified PDIA1 as a potential human biomarker of β cell stress in T1D.

2023-03-11 | PXD035504 | Pride

Increased β-cell proliferation prior to immune-cell invasion prevents progression of type 1 diabetes

Project description:Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by pancreatic islet infiltration by autoreactive immune cells and a near-total loss of β-cells. Restoration of insulin-producing β-cells coupled with immunomodulation to suppress the autoimmune attack has emerged as a potential approach to counter T1D. Here we report that enhancing β-cell mass in female NOD mice early in life (prior to weaning) results in immunomodulation of T-cells, reduced islet infiltration and lower β-cell apoptosis, that together protect them from developing T1D. We observed that a model exhibiting β-cell hyperplasia on the NOD background (NOD-LIRKO) displayed altered β-cell antigens, and islet transplantation studies showed prolonged graft survival of NOD-LIRKO islets even upon exposure to diabetogenic splenocytes in vivo. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes from the NOD-LIRKOs prevented diabetes development in pre-diabetic NOD mice, while conversely, similar protective outcomes were obtained when NOD-LIRKO splenocytes were adoptively transferred after mixing them with diabetogenic NOD splenocytes in a dose-dependent manner. A significant increase in the splenic CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cell (Treg) population in the NOD-LIRKO mice was observed to drive the protected phenotype since Treg depletion rendered NOD-LIRKO mice diabetic. The increase in Tregs coupled with a downregulation of key mediators of cellular function, upregulation of apoptosis and activation of TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling pathway in pathogenic T-cells favored reduced ability to kill β-cells. These data provide novel evidence that initiating β-cell proliferation, alone, prior to islet infiltration by immune cells alters the identity of β-cells, decreases pathologic self-reactivity of effector cells and increases Tregs to prevent progression of T1D.

2019-03-29 | GSE128315 | GEO

Single cell RNA-sequencing analysis of islets from WT NOD mice on different diets

Project description:Protein source in diet greatly influences the incidence of type-1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse colonies. NOD mice fed a diet containing hydrolyzed casein (HC) as the sole protein source are protected from T1D. Replacing 1/5th of the HC with gluten restores high T1D to NOD mice. We hypothesized that gluten might promote inflammation in the islets. We used single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to characterize and contrast the transcriptional profiles of endocrine cells and islet infiltrating leukocytes from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans of NOD mice fed a 20% HC diet or a 16% HC + 4% gluten diet.

2023-01-04 | GSE217493 | GEO

Regulatory T cells targeting a pathogenic MHC class II: Insulin peptide epitope postpone spontaneous autoimmune diabetes

Project description:In spontaneous type 1 diabetes (T1D) non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, the insulin B chain peptide 9-23 (B:9-23) can bind to the MHC class II molecule (IAg7) in register 3 (R3), creating a bimolecular IAg7/InsulinB:9-23 register 3 conformational epitope (InsB:R3). Previously, we showed that the InsB:R3-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), constructed using an InsB:R3-monoclonal antibody, could guide CAR-expressing CD8 T cells to migrate to the islets and pancreatic lymph nodes. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) specific for an islet antigen can broadly suppress various pathogenic immune cells in the islets and effectively halt the progression of islet destruction. Therefore, we hypothesized that InsB:R3 specific Tregs would suppress autoimmune reactivity in islets and efficiently protect against T1D. To test our hypothesis, we produced InsB:R3-Tregs and tested their disease-protective effects in spontaneous T1D NOD CD28-/- mice. InsB:R3-CAR expressing Tregs secrete IL-10 dominated cytokines upon engagement with InsB:R3 antigens. A single infusion of InsB:R3 Tregs delayed the onset of T1D in 95% of treated mice, with 35% maintaining euglycemia for two healthy lifespans, while whereas control Tregs did not. Our data demonstrate that Tregs specific for MHC class II: Insulin peptide epitope (MHCII/Insulin) protect mice against T1D more efficiently than polyclonal Tregs lacking islet antigen specificity, suggesting that the MHC II/insulin-specific Treg approach is a promising immune therapy for safely preventing T1D.

2023-07-24 | GSE238146 | GEO

Characterization of immune cells infiltrating pancreatic islets using scRNA-seq

Project description:T cells infiltrate pancreatic islets during the progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D) but their differentiation states have not been completely defined. We used unbiased single-cell RNA sequencing analyses to gain further insight into the phenotypic complexity of islet-infiltrating T cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.

2024-01-22 | GSE125455 | GEO

Islet-Autonomous Inflammatory Signaling Propagates Autoimmunity and Promotes Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice

Project description:Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an immune-mediated disease that leads to β cell dysfunction and death. However, the contribution of β cells in this process remains unclear. To understand how islet-derived pro-inflammatory signaling pathways contribute to diabetes pathogenesis, we generated inducible islet-specific Alox15 knockout mice on the NOD background. We report that islet-specific deletion of Alox15 induced a substantial increase of β-cell mass and decreased islet insulitis, and ultimately lead to a protection against spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Single cell RNA-sequencing and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that islet-specific knockout of Alox15 leads to an increase of β cells expressing Pd-l1 and promotes an anti-inflammatory phenotype in myeloid cells and T cells inside the islets. Furthermore, islet- specific Alox15 deletion enhances the expansion of M2-like macrophages and regulatory T cells in the pancreatic islets and pancreatic lymph nodes. Together, these results lead to the conclusion that proinflammatory signals produced by β cells allows these cells to express immunoregulators that protects these cells of immune cell attack and promote β cell survival.

2021-02-11 | GSE166572 | GEO

Genetic predisposition for beta cell fragility underlies type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Project description:Type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D) share pathophysiological characteristics, yet mechanistic links have remained elusive. T1D results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, while beta cell failure in T2D is delayed and progressive. Here we find a new genetic component of diabetes susceptibility in T1D non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, identifying immune-independent beta cell fragility. Genetic variation in Xrcc4 and Glis3 alter the response of NOD beta cells to unfolded protein stress, enhancing the apoptotic and senescent fates. The same transcriptional relationships were observed in human islets, demonstrating the role for beta cell fragility in genetic predisposition to diabetes.

2016-02-24 | PXD000859 | Pride

Aberrant expression of transglutaminase 2 in pancreas and thymus of NOD mice underscores the importance of deamidation in neoantigen generation.

Project description:Post-translational modifications can lead to a break in immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Deamidation, the conversion of glutamine to glutamic acid by transglutaminase (TGM) enzymes, is a post-translational modification of interest, with deamidated peptides being reported as autoantigens in T1D. However, little is known about how Tgm2, the most ubiquitously expressed Tgm isoform, is regulated and how tolerance against deamidated peptides is lost. Here, we report on the aberrant expression and regulation of Tgm2, in the pancreas and thymus of NOD mice. We demonstrate that Tgm2 expression is induced by the inflammatory cytokines IL1β and IFNγ in a synergistic manner and that murine pancreatic islets of NOD mice have higher Tgm2 levels, while Tgm2 levels in thymic mTECs are reduced. We thus provide the first direct evidence to our knowledge that central tolerance establishment against deamidated peptides might be impaired due to lower Tgm2 expression in NOD mice, which together with the aberrantly high levels of deamidated peptides in NOD β-cells underscores the role of deamidation in amplifying T-cell reactivity.

2022-07-21 | PXD034102 | Pride

TCR sequencing analysis of islets from NOD mice on hydrolyzed casein and hydrolyzed casein + 4% gluten diets

Project description:Protein source in diet greatly influences the incidence of type-1 diabetes (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse colonies. NOD mice fed a diet containing hydrolyzed casein (HC) as the sole protein source are protected from T1D. Replacing 1/5th of the HC with gluten restores high T1D to NOD mice. We hypothesized that gluten might promote inflammation in the islets. We used TCR sequencing to characterize the clonal frequency of infiltrating T cells from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans of NOD mice fed a 20% HC diet or a 16% HC + 4% gluten diet.

2023-01-04 | GSE218336 | GEO

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