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Differences in DNA methylation between human neuronal and glial cells are concentrated in enhancers and non-CpG sites [methylation array]

ABSTRACT: We applied Illumina Human Methylation450K array to perform a genomic-scale single-site resolution DNA methylation analysis in neuronal and nonneuronal (primarily glial) nuclei separated from the orbitofrontal cortex of postmortem human brain. The findings were validated using enhanced reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. We identified thousands of sites differentially methylated (DM) between neuronal and nonneuronal cells. The DM sites were depleted within CpG island–containing promoters but enriched in predicted enhancers. Classification of the DM sites into those undermethylated in neurons (neuronal type) and those undermethylated in nonneuronal cells (glial type), combined with findings of others that methylation within control elements typically negatively correlates with gene expression, yielded large sets of predicted neuron-specific and non– neuron-specific genes. These sets of predicted genes were in excellent agreement with the available direct measurements of gene expression in human and mouse. We also found a distinct set of DNA methylation patterns that were unique for neuronal cells. In particular, neuronal-type differential methylation was overrepresented in CpG island shores, enriched within gene bodies but not in intergenic regions, and preferentially harbored binding motifs for a distinct set of transcription factors, including neuron-specific activity-dependent factors. Finally, non-CpG methylation was substantially more prevalent in neurons than in nonneuronal cells.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE50798 | GEO | 2013/09/13

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA219103

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Differences in DNA methylation between human neuronal and glial cells are concentrated in enhancers and non-CpG sites [methylation array]

Project description:We applied Illumina Human Methylation450K array to perform a genomic-scale single-site resolution DNA methylation analysis in neuronal and nonneuronal (primarily glial) nuclei separated from the orbitofrontal cortex of postmortem human brain. The findings were validated using enhanced reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. We identified thousands of sites differentially methylated (DM) between neuronal and nonneuronal cells. The DM sites were depleted within CpG island–containing promoters but enriched in predicted enhancers. Classification of the DM sites into those undermethylated in neurons (neuronal type) and those undermethylated in nonneuronal cells (glial type), combined with findings of others that methylation within control elements typically negatively correlates with gene expression, yielded large sets of predicted neuron-specific and non– neuron-specific genes. These sets of predicted genes were in excellent agreement with the available direct measurements of gene expression in human and mouse. We also found a distinct set of DNA methylation patterns that were unique for neuronal cells. In particular, neuronal-type differential methylation was overrepresented in CpG island shores, enriched within gene bodies but not in intergenic regions, and preferentially harbored binding motifs for a distinct set of transcription factors, including neuron-specific activity-dependent factors. Finally, non-CpG methylation was substantially more prevalent in neurons than in nonneuronal cells. Genomic DNA was isolated from FACS-sorted human brain neuronal and nonneuronal nuclei. DNA was bisulfite converted and hybridised to the Illumina Infinium 450K Human Methylation Beadchip array. Six subjects in two technical replicate expriments were analyzed.

2013-09-13 | E-GEOD-50798 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Differences in DNA Methylation between Human Neuronal and Glial Cells are Concentrated in Enhancers and non-CpG Sites [Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing data]

Project description:We applied Illumina Human Methylation450K array to perform a genomic-scale single-site resolution DNA methylation analysis in neuronal and nonneuronal (primarily glial) nuclei separated from the orbitofrontal cortex of postmortem human brain. The findings were validated using enhanced reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. We identified thousands of sites differentially methylated (DM) between neuronal and nonneuronal cells. The DM sites were depleted within CpG island–containing promoters but enriched in predicted enhancers. Classification of the DM sites into those undermethylated in neurons (neuronal type) and those undermethylated in nonneuronal cells (glial type), combined with findings of others that methylation within control elements typically negatively correlates with gene expression, yielded large sets of predicted neuron-specific and nonneuron-specific genes. These sets of predicted genes were in excellent agreement with the available direct measurements of gene expression in human and mouse. We also found a distinct set of DNA methylation patterns that were unique for neuronal cells. In particular, neuronal-type differential methylation was overrepresented in CpG island shores, enriched within gene bodies but not in intergenic regions, and preferentially harbored binding motifs for a distinct set of transcription factors, including neuron-specific activity-dependent factors. Finally, non-CpG methylation was substantially more prevalent in neurons than in nonneuronal cells.

2013-09-14 | GSE50852 | GEO

Differences in DNA Methylation between Human Neuronal and Glial Cells are Concentrated in Enhancers and non-CpG Sites [Enhanced Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing data]

Project description:We applied Illumina Human Methylation450K array to perform a genomic-scale single-site resolution DNA methylation analysis in neuronal and nonneuronal (primarily glial) nuclei separated from the orbitofrontal cortex of postmortem human brain. The findings were validated using enhanced reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. We identified thousands of sites differentially methylated (DM) between neuronal and nonneuronal cells. The DM sites were depleted within CpG islandM-bM-^@M-^Scontaining promoters but enriched in predicted enhancers. Classification of the DM sites into those undermethylated in neurons (neuronal type) and those undermethylated in nonneuronal cells (glial type), combined with findings of others that methylation within control elements typically negatively correlates with gene expression, yielded large sets of predicted neuron-specific and nonneuron-specific genes. These sets of predicted genes were in excellent agreement with the available direct measurements of gene expression in human and mouse. We also found a distinct set of DNA methylation patterns that were unique for neuronal cells. In particular, neuronal-type differential methylation was overrepresented in CpG island shores, enriched within gene bodies but not in intergenic regions, and preferentially harbored binding motifs for a distinct set of transcription factors, including neuron-specific activity-dependent factors. Finally, non-CpG methylation was substantially more prevalent in neurons than in nonneuronal cells. Extended Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (ERRBS) was performed on genomic DNA to validate the Infinium HM450K DNA methylation data (Kozlenkov et. al., 2013, Nucleic Acids Research, accepted for publication).

2013-09-14 | E-GEOD-50852 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Homo sapiens

Project description:CpG island methylation

| PRJNA92117 | ENA

E2F6 initiates stable epigenetic silencing of germline genes during embryonic development

Project description:In mouse development, long-term silencing by CpG island DNA methylation is specifically targeted to germline genes, however the molecular mechanisms of this specificity remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that the transcription factor E2F6, a member of the polycomb repressive complex 1.6 (PRC1.6), is critical to target and initiate epigenetic silencing at germline genes in early embryogenesis. Genome-wide, E2F6 binds preferentially to CpG islands in embryonic cells. E2F6 cooperates with MGA to silence a subgroup of germline genes in mouse embryonic stem cells and in vivo, a function that critically depends on the E2F6 marked box domain. Inactivation of E2f6 leads to a failure to deposit CpG island DNA methylation at these genes during implantation. Furthermore, E2F6 is required to initiate epigenetic silencing in early embryonic cells but becomes dispensable for the maintenance in differentiated cells. Our findings elucidate the mechanisms of epigenetic targeting of germline genes and provide a paradigm for how transient repression signals by DNA-binding factors in early embryonic cells are translated into long term epigenetic silencing during mammalian development.

2021-04-22 | PXD023974 | Pride

In utero lead (Pb) exposure and neuron-specific DNA methylation in mice

Project description:Lead (Pb) exposure is associated with a wide range of neurological deficits. Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, may be impacted by environmental exposures and can affect neurodevelopmental outcomes over the life-course. Mating mice were obtained from a C57BL/6J background agouti Avy strain. Virgin dams (a/a) were randomly assigned exposure to 2.1 ppm (low) or 32 ppm (high) Pb-acetate through the drinking water, started two weeks prior to mating with viable yellow agouti male mice (Avy/a) and continued throughout gestation and three weeks after birth. At 10 months of age, we separated brain NeuN+ (a marker for neuronal nuclei) neuronal nuclei from NeuN non-neuronal nuclei in mice. We investigated neuron specific genome-wide promoter DNA methylation associated with early-life Pb exposures using the Roche NimbleGen Mouse DNA methylation 3x720K CpG island Promoter Array.

2019-04-12 | GSE125174 | GEO

CpG island hypermethylation in human astrocytomas

Project description:Astrocytomas are common and lethal human brain tumors. Here, we have analyzed the methylation status of over 28,000 CpG islands and 18,000 promoters in normal human brain and in astrocytomas of various grades using the methylated-CpG island recovery assay (MIRA). We identified six to seven thousand methylated CpG islands in normal human brain. ~5% of the promoter-associated CpG islands in normal brain are methylated. Promoter CpG island methylation is inversely and intragenic methylation is directly correlated with gene expression levels in brain tissue. In astrocytomas, several hundred CpG islands undergo specific hypermethylation relative to normal brain with 428 methylation peaks common to more than 25% of the tumors. Genes involved in brain development and neuronal differentiation, such as POU4F3, GDNF, OTX2, NEFM, CNTN4, OTP, SIM1, FYN, EN1, CHAT, GSX2, NKX6-1, RAX, PAX6, DLX2, were strongly enriched among genes frequently methylated in tumors. There was an overrepresentation of homeobox genes and 31% of the most commonly methylated genes represent targets of the Polycomb complex. We identified several chromosomal loci in which many (sometimes more than 20) consecutive CpG islands were hypermethylated in tumors. Seven of such loci were near homeobox genes, including the HOXC and HOXD clusters, and the BARHL2, DLX1, and PITX2 genes. Two other clusters of hypermethylated islands were at sequences of recent gene duplication events. Our analysis offers mechanistic insights into brain neoplasia suggesting that methylation of genes involved in neuronal differentiation, perhaps in cooperation with other oncogenic events, may shift the balance from regulated differentiation towards gliomagenesis. Comparison of methylation patterns of 30 astrocytomas and 6 controls

2010-05-16 | E-GEOD-19391 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Trans-effects of sub-chromosomal duplications on DNA methylation patterns in mouse models of Down syndrome: whole genome bisulfite sequencing of cerebral samples from Dp(10)1Yey and Dp(16)1Yey mouse models.

Project description:Background: Trisomy 21 causes Down syndrome (DS), but the mechanisms by which the extra chromosome leads to deficient intellectual and immune function are not well understood. Results: Here, we profile CpG methylation in DS and control cerebral and cerebellar cortex of adults and cerebrum of fetuses. We purify neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei and T-lymphocytes and find biologically relevant genes with DS-specific methylation (DS-DM) in brain cells. Some genes show brain-specific DS-DM, while others show stronger DS-DM in T cells. Both 5-methyl-cytosine and 5-hydroxy-methyl-cytosine contribute to the DS-DM. Thirty percent of genes with DS-DM in adult brain cells also show DS-DM in fetal brains, indicating early onset of these epigenetic changes, and we find early maturation of methylation patterns in DS brain and lymphocytes. Some, but not all, of the DS-DM genes show differential expression. DS-DM preferentially affected CpGs in or near specific transcription factor binding sites, implicating a mechanism involving altered transcription factor binding. Methyl-seq of brain DNA from mouse models with sub-chromosomal duplications mimicking DS reveals partial but significant overlaps with human DS-DM and shows that multiple chromosome 21 genes contribute to the downstream epigenetic effects. Conclusions: These data point to novel biological mechanisms in DS and have general implications for trans effects of chromosomal duplications and aneuploidies on epigenetic patterning.

2015-10-30 | GSE74505 | GEO

Trans-effects of chromosome aneuploidies on DNA methylation patterns: DNA methylation analysis of Down syndrome in human brain tissues and cells

2015-10-30 | GSE74486 | GEO

methylatedDNA_peripheralBlood

Project description:The goal of the experiment – genome-wide profiling of DNA methylation reveals a class of normally methylated CpG island promoters Keywords: DNA methylation, Methylated CpG island amplification coupled with promoter arrays, normal tissue

2007-08-21 | GSE8810 | GEO

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