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Gonadal gene expression in a fish with genetic and environmental sex determination under thermal and chemical pollution

ABSTRACT: Understanding the consequences of thermal and chemical variations in aquatic habitats is of importance in a scenario of global change. In ecology, the sex ratio is a major population demographic parameter. Research carried out so far on environmental perturbations on fish sex ratios has usually involved a few model species with a strong genetic basis of sex determination, analyzing juvenile or adult gonads. However, the underlying mechanisms at the time of commitment are poorly understood. The European sea bass has a mixed genetic and environmental sex determination system, which makes it naturally sensitive to environmental cues. Here, we transcriptomically analyzed developing gonads experiencing either testis or ovarian differentiation as a result of thermal and/or estrogen influences. Elevated temperature masculinized genetic females while estrogen exposure resulted in an all-female population. A total of 383 genes were differentially expressed, with an overall downregulation in the expression of genes involved both in testicular and ovarian differentiation in the estrogen-exposed fish achieved by a shutdown of the first steps of steroidogenesis. GO enrichment analysis uncovered affected pathways related to the immune response, xenobiotic metabolism, response to stimulus, signaling and growth. However, once the female phenotype was imposed gonads could continue their normal development, even taking into account that some of the resulting females were fish that otherwise would have developed as males. The data on the underlying mechanisms operating at the molecular level presented here contributes to better understanding the sex ratio response of fish species subjected to a combination of environmental perturbations.

ORGANISM(S): Dicentrarchus labrax

PROVIDER: GSE52938 | GEO | 2016/12/31

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA230501

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen that has been banned for use in humans, but still is employed in livestock and aquaculture operations in some parts of the world. Detectable concentrations of DES in effluent and surface waters have been reported to range from slightly below 1 to greater than 10 ng/L. Little is known, however, concerning the toxicological potency of DES in fish. In this study, sexually-mature fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) of both sexes were exposed to 1, 10 or 100 ng DES/L water in a flow-through system. Tissue concentrations of DES and changes in a number of estrogen-responsive endpoints, including alterations to the hepatic transcriptome in females, were measured in the fish at the end of a 4-d exposure, and after a 4-d depuration/recovery period in clean water. The objectives of the study were to measure accumulation of DES in fish tissues, characterize effects of the chemical on physiological endpoints related to reproductive performance, and to evaluate DES's potency relative to concentrations reported in aquatic environments. The current series includes n=11 microarrays associated with recovery-phase samples (collected from fish exposed continuously for 4 d, and then held in control water for an additional 4 days before tissues were collected). Fish were exposed to 0, 1, 10, or 100 ng DES/L delivered in a continuous flow (45 ml/min) of sand filtered, UV treated, Lake Superior Water, without the use of carrier solvents. Flow of DES into the test system was initiated without fish present and continued for 1 d. Exposures then were started by placing three male and three female sexually-mature fathead minnows into each tank. There were eight replicate tanks for the control and 100 ng/L treatments, and six replicate tanks for the 1 and 10 ng/L groups. The fish were held at 25+1M-BM-:C under a 16:8 L:D photoperiod and were fed frozen adult brine shrimp twice daily (San Francisco Bay Brand, Newark, CA, USA). Fish used for the experiment were from an on-site culture, and all procedures involving animals conformed to guidelines approved by the local Animal Care and Use Committee. After the 4-d exposure, fish from three tanks from each treatment (n=9 per sex) were sampled for determination of various biological endpoints. At this time fish from two additional tanks from the control and 100 ng/L treatments also were sampled for determination of DES tissue residues (n=6 per sex). Delivery of DES to the test system was subsequently stopped, and fish from the remaining three tanks per treatment group were sampled 4 d later (n= 9 per sex). The fathead minnows were euthanized with buffered MS-222 (Argent, Redmond, VA, USA) and weighed. Fish were scored for occurrence and relative expression of nuptial tubercles, which in males can be reduced by ER agonists. Blood was collected from the caudal vein/artery with a microhematocrit tube, and plasma was separated by centrifugation and stored at -80M-BM-:C. Gonads were removed from males and a subsample (8.5M-BM-13.0 mg; meanM-BM-1SD) was immediately immersed in tissue culture media for determination of ex vivo steroid production. Livers were removed from both sexes and flash-frozen for gene expression analyses using microarray (females) or real-time QPCR (males). Hepatic transcripts from three females per treatment group, in each phase of the experiment (except n=2 from recovery phase 10 ng/L) were analyzed using a custom 15,000 feature microarray (GEO Platform Accession GPL9248). Data sets for the exposure phase (n=12 microarrays) and recovery phase (n=11) were normalized independently using Fastlo (Ballman et al., 2004) implemented in R (http://www.r-project.org/), but analyzed using parallel approaches.

Project description:Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen that has been banned for use in humans, but still is employed in livestock and aquaculture operations in some parts of the world. Detectable concentrations of DES in effluent and surface waters have been reported to range from slightly below 1 to greater than 10 ng/L. Little is known, however, concerning the toxicological potency of DES in fish. In this study, sexually-mature fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) of both sexes were exposed to 1, 10 or 100 ng DES/L water in a flow-through system. Tissue concentrations of DES and changes in a number of estrogen-responsive endpoints, including alterations to the hepatic transcriptome in females, were measured in the fish at the end of a 4-d exposure, and after a 4-d depuration/recovery period in clean water. The objectives of the study were to measure accumulation of DES in fish tissues, characterize effects of the chemical on physiological endpoints related to reproductive performance, and to evaluate DES's potency relative to concentrations reported in aquatic environments. The current series includes n=12 microarrays associated with exposure-phase samples (collected from fish exposed continuously for 4 d). Fish were exposed to 0, 1, 10, or 100 ng DES/L delivered in a continuous flow (45 ml/min) of sand filtered, UV treated, Lake Superior Water, without the use of carrier solvents. Flow of DES into the test system was initiated without fish present and continued for 1 d. Exposures then were started by placing three male and three female sexually-mature fathead minnows into each tank. There were eight replicate tanks for the control and 100 ng/L treatments, and six replicate tanks for the 1 and 10 ng/L groups. The fish were held at 25+1M-BM-:C under a 16:8 L:D photoperiod and were fed frozen adult brine shrimp twice daily (San Francisco Bay Brand, Newark, CA, USA). Fish used for the experiment were from an on-site culture, and all procedures involving animals conformed to guidelines approved by the local Animal Care and Use Committee. After the 4-d exposure, fish from three tanks from each treatment (n=9 per sex) were sampled for determination of various biological endpoints. At this time fish from two additional tanks from the control and 100 ng/L treatments also were sampled for determination of DES tissue residues (n=6 per sex). Delivery of DES to the test system was subsequently stopped, and fish from the remaining three tanks per treatment group were sampled 4 d later (n= 9 per sex). The fathead minnows were euthanized with buffered MS-222 (Argent, Redmond, VA, USA) and weighed. Fish were scored for occurrence and relative expression of nuptial tubercles, which in males can be reduced by ER agonists. Blood was collected from the caudal vein/artery with a microhematocrit tube, and plasma was separated by centrifugation and stored at -80M-BM-:C. Gonads were removed from males and a subsample (8.5M-BM-13.0 mg; meanM-BM-1SD) was immediately immersed in tissue culture media for determination of ex vivo steroid production. Livers were removed from both sexes and flash-frozen for gene expression analyses using microarray (females) or real-time QPCR (males). Hepatic transcripts from three females per treatment group, in each phase of the experiment (except n=2 from recovery phase 10 ng/L) were analyzed using a custom 15,000 feature microarray (GEO Platform Accession GPL9248). Data sets for the exposure phase (n=12 microarrays) and recovery phase (n=11) were normalized independently using Fastlo (Ballman et al., 2004) implemented in R (http://www.r-project.org/), but analyzed using parallel approaches.

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Gonadal gene expression in a fish with genetic and environmental sex determination under thermal and chemical pollution

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