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Multinodality vaccination against clade C SHIV: partial protection against mucosal challenges with a heterologous tier 2 virus

ABSTRACT: We sought to test whether vaccine-induced immune responses could protect rhesus macaques (RMs) against upfront heterologous challenges with an R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus, SHIV-2873Nip. We immunized the RMs with recombinant Env proteins heterologous to the challenge virus. For induction of immune responses against Gag, Tat, and Nef, we explored a strategy of immunization with overlapping synthetic peptides (OSP). The immune responses against Gag and Tat were finally boosted with recombinant proteins. The vaccinees and a group of ten control animals were given five low-dose intrarectal (i.r.) challenges with SHIV-2873Nip. All controls and seven out of eight vaccinees became systemically infected; there was no significant difference in viremia levels of vaccinees vs. controls. Prevention of viremia was observed in one vaccinee which showed strong boosting of virus-specific cellular immunity during virus exposures. The protected animal showed no challenge virus-specific neutralizing antibodies in the TZM-bl or A3R5 cell-based assays and had low level ADCC activity after the virus exposures. Microarray data strongly supported a role for cellular immunity in the protected animal. Our study represents a case of protection against heterologous tier 2 SHIV-C by vaccine-induced, virus-specific cellular immune responses.

ORGANISM(S): Macaca mulatta

PROVIDER: GSE60368 | GEO | 2014/08/14

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA258149

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:We sought to test whether vaccine-induced immune responses could protect rhesus macaques (RMs) against upfront heterologous challenges with an R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus, SHIV-2873Nip. We immunized the RMs with recombinant Env proteins heterologous to the challenge virus. For induction of immune responses against Gag, Tat, and Nef, we explored a strategy of immunization with overlapping synthetic peptides (OSP). The immune responses against Gag and Tat were finally boosted with recombinant proteins. The vaccinees and a group of ten control animals were given five low-dose intrarectal (i.r.) challenges with SHIV-2873Nip. All controls and seven out of eight vaccinees became systemically infected; there was no significant difference in viremia levels of vaccinees vs. controls. Prevention of viremia was observed in one vaccinee which showed strong boosting of virus-specific cellular immunity during virus exposures. The protected animal showed no challenge virus-specific neutralizing antibodies in the TZM-bl or A3R5 cell-based assays and had low level ADCC activity after the virus exposures. Microarray data strongly supported a role for cellular immunity in the protected animal. Our study represents a case of protection against heterologous tier 2 SHIV-C by vaccine-induced, virus-specific cellular immune responses. For the protected RM, blood was collected before vaccination, on the day of first virus exposure and six weeks after last virus challenge. Lymph node and rectal pinch biopsies were performed before vaccination and six weeks after last virus challenge. Blood was collected in tempus tubes and processed immediately according to the manufacturer’s instructions and stored at -80C. The biopsy specimens were cut into small pieces and immediately placed into RNAlater solution (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and also stored at -80C. Total RNA from blood, lymph node and rectal biopsies was extracted using RNAeasy extraction kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). cDNA labeling, hybridization, staining and scanning were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) for rhesus gene expression arrays.

Project description:Successful development of HIV-vaccination strategies will also depend on the ability to use novel approaches to analyse and integrate immunogenicity data generated in vaccine trials. The ANRS VAC 18 trial evaluated the immunogenicity of HIV-LIPO-5 vaccine (5 HIV peptides coupled to a palmytoil tail) administered at W0, 4, 12 and 24 in healthy volunteers. 62-69% of vaccinees developed HIV-specific ELISpot responses by W26. Here we present extensive immunogenicity assessments in a subset of vaccinees using ELISpot, lymphoproliferation, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), cytokine multiplex and transcriptomic analyses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from volunteers collected before and following vaccinations were stimulated with HIV LIPO 5 vaccine, Gag peptides contained or not in the vaccine as controls. Different time points and stimulation conditions were compared, using false discovery rate to control for test multiplicity. 74% and 30% of vaccinees had cultured ELISpot and lymphoproliferation responses at W14, respectively. Ex-vivo ICS showed mainly single IL-2 producing cells. Secretion of IFN-Î³, TNF-Î±, IL-5, and IL-13 increased significantly in response to Gag stimulation after culture at W14 compared to W0. An induction of metallothionein genes was consistently detected after HIV-LIPO-5 stimulation at W0 and W14 related to the adjuvant effect of the lipid tail. After vaccination (W14), significant probes increased substantially (>1200 probes) including IFN-Î³, CXCL9, IL2RA, TNFAIP6, CCL3L1 and IL-6 W14 (fold change > 100%). In conclusion, HIV LIPO-5 vaccination elicited memory precursor responses with a Th1 and Th2 profile. The signature profile before vaccination provides information about the adjuvant effect of the lipid tail. Consistently with cytokine responses, vaccination is associated with a modulation in gene expression. This combined approach allowed to identify new signatures of HIV vaccine response and indicates that HIV-LIPO-5 could be further developed as a prime component of heterologous prime boost strategies. PBMC mRNA of 12 healthy volunteers, stimulate in four different conditions (HIV-LIPO-5, Gag+, Gag-, NS) during 6 and 24 hours before and after vaccination (week 0 and week 14)

Project description:Successful development of HIV-vaccination strategies will also depend on the ability to use novel approaches to analyse and integrate immunogenicity data generated in vaccine trials. The ANRS VAC 18 trial evaluated the immunogenicity of HIV-LIPO-5 vaccine (5 HIV peptides coupled to a palmytoil tail) administered at W0, 4, 12 and 24 in healthy volunteers. 62-69% of vaccinees developed HIV-specific ELISpot responses by W26. Here we present extensive immunogenicity assessments in a subset of vaccinees using ELISpot, lymphoproliferation, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), cytokine multiplex and transcriptomic analyses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from volunteers collected before and following vaccinations were stimulated with HIV LIPO 5 vaccine, Gag peptides contained or not in the vaccine as controls. Different time points and stimulation conditions were compared, using false discovery rate to control for test multiplicity. 74% and 30% of vaccinees had cultured ELISpot and lymphoproliferation responses at W14, respectively. Ex-vivo ICS showed mainly single IL-2 producing cells. Secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, and IL-13 increased significantly in response to Gag stimulation after culture at W14 compared to W0. An induction of metallothionein genes was consistently detected after HIV-LIPO-5 stimulation at W0 and W14 related to the adjuvant effect of the lipid tail. After vaccination (W14), significant probes increased substantially (>1200 probes) including IFN-γ, CXCL9, IL2RA, TNFAIP6, CCL3L1 and IL-6 W14 (fold change > 100%). In conclusion, HIV LIPO-5 vaccination elicited memory precursor responses with a Th1 and Th2 profile. The signature profile before vaccination provides information about the adjuvant effect of the lipid tail. Consistently with cytokine responses, vaccination is associated with a modulation in gene expression. This combined approach allowed to identify new signatures of HIV vaccine response and indicates that HIV-LIPO-5 could be further developed as a prime component of heterologous prime boost strategies.

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Multinodality vaccination against clade C SHIV: partial protection against mucosal challenges with a heterologous tier 2 virus

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