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The ancestral gene repertoire of animal stem cells

ABSTRACT: This work reveals the deeply conserved gene repertoire of animal stem cells, from sponges to mammals.

ORGANISM(S): Ephydatia fluviatilis

PROVIDER: GSE75649 | GEO | 2015/12/04

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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The ancestral gene repertoire of animal stem cells

Project description:This work reveals the deeply conserved gene repertoire of animal stem cells, from sponges to mammals. mRNA profiles totipotent stem cells (archeocytes), choanocytes, other differentiated cell types in a freshwater sponge and were mapped on the reference transcriptome generated in the same study

2015-12-04 | E-GEOD-75649 | biostudies-arrayexpress

The ancestral gene repertoire of animal stem cells.

Project description:Stem cells are pivotal for development and tissue homeostasis of multicellular animals, and the quest for a gene toolkit associated with the emergence of stem cells in a common ancestor of all metazoans remains a major challenge for evolutionary biology. We reconstructed the conserved gene repertoire of animal stem cells by transcriptomic profiling of totipotent archeocytes in the demosponge Ephydatia fluviatilis and by tracing shared molecular signatures with flatworm and Hydra stem cells. Phylostratigraphy analyses indicated that most of these stem-cell genes predate animal origin, with only few metazoan innovations, notably including several partners of the Piwi machinery known to promote genome stability. The ancestral stem-cell transcriptome is strikingly poor in transcription factors. Instead, it is rich in RNA regulatory actors, including components of the "germ-line multipotency program" and many RNA-binding proteins known as critical regulators of mammalian embryonic stem cells.

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Project description:Animal regeneration requires coordinated responses of many cell types throughout the animal body. In animals carrying endosymbionts, cells from the other species may also participate in regeneration, but how cellular responses are integrated across species is yet to be unraveled. Here, we study the acoel Convolutriloba longifissura, which hosts symbiotic Tetraselmis green algae and can regenerate entire bodies from small tissue fragments. We show that animal injury leads to a decline in the photosynthetic efficiency of the symbiotic algae and concurrently induces upregulation of a cohort of photosynthesis-related genes. A deeply conserved animal transcription factor, runt, is induced after injury and required for the acoel regeneration. Knockdown of runt also dampens algal transcriptional responses to the host injury, particularly in photosynthesis related pathways, and results in further reduction of photosynthetic efficiency post-injury. Our results suggest that the runt-dependent animal regeneration program coordinates wound responses across the symbiotic partners and regulates photosynthetic carbon assimilation in this metaorganism.

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Stepwise emergence of the neuronal gene expression program in early animal evolution

Project description:The assembly of the neuronal and other major cell type programs occurred early in animal evolution. We can reconstruct this process by studying non-bilaterians like placozoans. These small disc-shaped animals have only nine morphologically described cell types and no neurons, but show coordinated behaviors triggered by peptide-secreting cells. We investigated the possible neuronal affinities of these peptidergic cells using phylogenetics, chromatin profiling, and comparative single-cell genomics in four placozoans species. We found highly conserved cell type expression programs across placozoans, including populations of transdifferentiating and cycling cells suggestive of active cell type homeostasis. We also uncovered an unexpected diversity of fourteen peptidergic cell types that express neuronal-associated components like the presynaptic scaffold and that derive from progenitor cells with neurogenesis signatures. In contrast, earlier-branching animals like sponges and ctenophores lacked this conserved expression. Our findings indicate that key neuronal developmental and effector gene modules evolved before the advent of cnidarian/bilaterian neurons in the context of paracrine cell signalling.

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Metatranscriptome analysis reveals the putative venom toxin repertoire of the biofouling hydroid Ectopleura larynx

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Transcriptomic profiles of two sponge species upon exposure to microbial-associated molecular patterns (lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan) compared against control (sterile artificial seawater)

Project description:The interaction of animals with microbes relies on the specific recognition of microbial-derived molecules by receptors of the immune system. Sponges (phylum Porifera), as sister group of the Eumetazoa, provide insights into conserved mechanisms for animal-microbe crosstalk, but empirical data is limited. Here we aimed to characterize the immune response of sponges upon microbial stimuli by RNA-Seq. Two sponges species from the Mediterranean Sea, Aplysina aerophoba and Dysidea avara, were challenged with microbial-associated molecular patterns (lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan) or sterile artificial seawater (control) in aquarium experiments. Sponge tissue samples were collected 1h, 3h, and 5h after treatment. The response of the sponges to the treatments was assessed by differential gene expression analysis of RNA-Seq data. For each species, we compared the transcriptomic profiles of the samples in MAMP treatment to control within each time point.

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