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LOXL2 drives epithelial-mesenchymal transition via activation of IRE1-XBP1 branch of unfolded protein response.

ABSTRACT: Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a key process contributing to the aggressiveness of cancer cells. EMT is triggered by activation of different transcription factors collectively known as EMT-TFs. Different cellular cues and cell signalling networks activate EMT at transcriptional and posttranscriptional level in different biological and pathological situations. Among them, overexpression of LOXL2 (lysyl oxidase-like 2) induces EMT independent of its catalytic activity. Remarkably, perinuclear/cytoplasmic accumulation of LOXL2 is a poor prognosis marker of squamous cell carcinomas and is associated to basal breast cancer metastasis by mechanisms no yet fully understood. Here, we report that overexpression of LOXL2 promotes its accumulation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum where it interacts with HSPA5 leading to activation of the IRE1-XBP1-branch of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). LOXL2-dependent UPR activation induces the expression of several EMT-TFs: SNAI1, SNAI2, ZEB2 and TCF3 that are direct transcriptional targets of XBP1. Remarkably, inhibition of IRE1 blocks LOXL2-dependent upregulation of EMT-TFs thus hindering EMT induction. LOXL2 relationship to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

ORGANISM(S): Canis lupus familiaris Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE90605 | GEO | 2017/05/11

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA355162

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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The unfolded protein response in fission yeast modulates stability of select mRNAs to maintain protein homeostasis

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The unfolded protein response in fission yeast modulates stability of select mRNAs to maintain protein homeostasis

Project description:Homeostatic control mechanisms are essentil to life. One such mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR) operates in all eukarytic cells to adjust protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) according to need. UPR induction in all eurkarytic cells to date involves Ire1 (kinase/endonuclease transmembrane protein) mediated a non-convential splicing of Hac1/XBP1 mRNA, encoding for a potent transcription factor. UPR induction causes a comprehensive transcriptional upregulation of the folding capacity in the ER. Here we studied the global transcriptional profile of the UPR in fission yeast. Fission yeast lacks a clear homolog of Hac1/XBP1. Instead Ire1 maintains ER homeostasis through two post-transciptional programs: selective mRNA decay and processing of Bip1 mRNA (encoding for a major HS70-familiy member in the ER) thereby stabilizing it. S. pombe cells were grown in liquid medium (YE5S) to OD600=0.25. Cells were treated with or without 2 mM DTT (Dithiothreitol, impairs disulfid bond formation) for 60 min at 30℃. Total RNA was extracted from cells using hot phenol method. PolyA+ mRNA were enriched by two sequential rounds of oligo-dT (Invitrogen) selection. rRNA depletion was performed by depletion of ll RNA smaller than 200nt (mirVana miRNA Purification Kit (Ambion) followed by two rounds of subtractive hybridization using Ribominus EukaryoteKit for RNA-seq (Invitrogen). To sequence 2',3'-cyclic phosphate cleavage products tRNA ligase was used to selectively ligate an RNA linker to all 2',3'-cyclic phosphatesin total RNA. (described in Schutz et al., 2010). Two biological repeats were performed for the following samples with different conditions and yeast strains: poly A+ mRNA sample and mRNA enriched (ribosome depletion). On replicate was performed for RNA 3' end mapping carrying a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate: 1 replicate

2012-11-21 | E-GEOD-40298 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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Cancer cell-intrinsic XBP1 mediates immunosuppressive reprogramming of intratumoral myeloid cells by promoting cholesterol production

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Analysis of the IRE1/XBP1 unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway in Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia hypertrophic chondrocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress

Project description:We set out to determine the role of the IRE1/XBP1 pathway, the most ancient and highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-sensing pathway of the unfolded protein response (UPR), in Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (MCDS). RNA derived from hypertrophic zones microdissected from growth plates of wildtype mice, mice lacking XBP1 activity in chondrocytes (Xbp1Cart?Ex2), mice carrying a COL10A1 pN617K mutation (ColXN617K), and compound mutants (C/X) was analyzed by whole genome microarray analysis. 1633 probes were differentially expressed between ColXN617K and wildtype, 215 probes were differentially expressed between Xbp1Cart?Ex2 and wildtype, and 1337 probes were differentially expressed between C/X and wildtype. 885 probes were differentially expressed between ColXN617K and wildtype but not Xbp1Cart?Ex2 and wildtype or C/X and wildtype, thus representing the XBP1-dependent response to hypertrophic chondrocyte ER stress. 688 probes were differentially expressed between ColXN617K and wildtype and between C/X and wildtype but not Xbp1Cart?Ex2 and wildtype, thus representing the XBP1-independent response to hypertrophic chondrocyte ER stress. Results were validated by qPCR. Entire growth plate hypertrophic zones were microdissected from one tibia from each of three 2-week old wildtype mice, three 2-week old mice carrying a COL10A1 p.N617K mutation (ColXN617K), three 2-week old mice lacking XBP1 activity in chondrocytes (Xbp1Cart?Ex2), and three 2-week old mice resulting from a cross between ColXN617K and Xbp1Cart?Ex2 (C/X).

2015-08-21 | E-GEOD-72261 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Expression data of rat insulinoma cells induced with ER stress +/- IRE1 inhibitor treatment

Project description:The Akita mutation (C96Y) in the insulin gene results in early onset diabetes in both humans and mice. Expression of the mutant proinsulin (C96Y) causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in pancreatic ?-cells and consequently the cell activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). Since the proinsulin is terminally misfolded however, the ER stress is irremediable and chronic activation of the UPR eventually activates apoptosis in the cell population. We used microarray gene expression arrays to analyze the IRE1-dependent activation of genes in response to misfolded proinsulin expression in an inducible mutant proinsulin (C96Y) insulinoma cell line by inhibiting the IRE1 endoribonucleas activity with a specific inhibitor, 4u8c. Insulinoma cells with doxycycline inducible C96Y-proinsulin expression were either untreated, treated with doxycycline alone or treated with dox and 4u8c. This was done with two biological replicates.

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Natural killer cell proliferation requires canonical IRE1 function during viral infection (CITE-Seq)

Project description:The unfolded protein response (UPR) aims to restore ER homeostasis under conditions of high protein folding load, a function primarily serving secretory cells. Additional, non-canonical UPR functions have recently been unraveled in immune cells. We addressed the function of the inositol-requiring-enzyme 1 (IRE1) signaling branch of the UPR in NK cells in homeostasis and microbial challenge. Cell-intrinsic compound deficiency (DKO) of IRE1 and its downstream transcription factor XBP1 in NKp46 + NK cells, did not affect basal NK cell homeostasis, or overall outcome of viral MCMV infection. However, mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed a competitive advantage in the proliferation of IRE1 sufficient Ly49H + NK cells after viral infection. CITE-Seq analysis confirmed strong induction of IRE1 early upon infection, concomitant with the activation of a canonical UPR signature. Therefore, we conclude that cell-intrinsic IRE1/XBP1 activation is required for NK cell proliferation early upon viral infection, as part of a canonical UPR response.

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