Dynamics of RNA polymerase II pausing and bivalent histone H3 methylation during neuronal differentiation in brain development
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus
PROVIDER: GSE93011 | GEO | 2017/07/12
SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA359360
REPOSITORIES: GEO
Similar Datasets
Project description:During cellular differentiation, genes important for differentiation are expected to be silent in stem/progenitor cells yet can be readily activated. RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing and bivalent chromatin marks are two paradigms suited for establishing such a poised state of gene expression; however, their specific contributions in development are not well understood. Here we characterized Pol II pausing and H3K4me3/H3K27me3 marks in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and their daughter neurons purified from the developing mouse cortex. We show that genes paused in NPCs or neurons are characteristic of respective cellular functions important for each cell type, although pausing and pause release were not correlated with gene activation. Bivalent chromatin marks poised the marked genes in NPCs for activation in neurons. Interestingly, we observed a positive correlation between H3K27me3 and paused Pol II. This study thus reveals cell type-specific Pol II pausing and gene activation-associated bivalency during mammalian neuronal differentiation.
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Project description:Cell fate specification is accompanied by global changes in gene expression from patterns of maintaining stem/progenitor cells to patterns for supporting differentiation. To ensure a proper transition, it is conceivable that genes important for differentiation are kept silent in stem/progenitor cells yet can be readily activated. RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing and bivalent chromatin marks are two paradigms that are suited for establishing such a poised state of gene expression, however, their contributions to gene regulation in development are not well understood. Here, using neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and their daughter neurons co-purified from the embryonic mouse cerebral cortex, we characterized Pol II pausing and H3K4me3/H3K27me3 marks in this in vivo setting of neurogenesis. We show that genes paused in NPCs or neurons are well correlated with their respective cell type-specific functions, but pausing and pause release did not predict gene activation. Bivalent chromatin marks, on the other hand, poised the marked genes in NPCs for activation in neurons. Interestingly, our data also revealed a positive correlation between H3K27me3 and paused Pol II. This study thus reveals cell-type specific Pol II pausing and gene activation-associated bivalency during mammalian neuronal differentiation.
2017-07-12 | GSE93010 | GEO
Project description:Cell fate specification is accompanied by global changes in gene expression from patterns of maintaining stem/progenitor cells to patterns for supporting differentiation. To ensure a proper transition, it is conceivable that genes important for differentiation are kept silent in stem/progenitor cells yet can be readily activated. RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing and bivalent chromatin marks are two paradigms that are suited for establishing such a poised state of gene expression, however, their contributions to gene regulation in development are not well understood. Here, using neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and their daughter neurons co-purified from the embryonic mouse cerebral cortex, we characterized Pol II pausing and H3K4me3/H3K27me3 marks in this in vivo setting of neurogenesis. We show that genes paused in NPCs or neurons are well correlated with their respective cell type-specific functions, but pausing and pause release did not predict gene activation. Bivalent chromatin marks, on the other hand, poised the marked genes in NPCs for activation in neurons. Interestingly, our data also revealed a positive correlation between H3K27me3 and paused Pol II. This study thus reveals cell-type specific Pol II pausing and gene activation-associated bivalency during mammalian neuronal differentiation.
2017-07-12 | GSE93009 | GEO
Project description:Dynamics of RNA polymerase II pausing and bivalent histone H3 methylation during neuronal differentiation in brain development
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Project description:Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is well-known for its role in decommissioning enhancers during mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. Its role in gene promoters remains poorly understood despite its widespread presence at these sites. Here, we report that LSD1 promotes RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) pausing, a rate-limiting step in transcription regulation, in ESCs. We found the knockdown of LSD1 preferentially affects genes with higher RNAPII pausing. Next, we demonstrate that the co-localization sites of LSD1 and MYC, a factor known to regulate pause-release, are enriched for other RNAPII pausing factors. We show that LSD1 and MYC directly interact and MYC recruitment to genes co-regulated with LSD1 is dependent on LSD1 but not vice versa. The co-regulated gene set is significantly enriched for housekeeping processes and depleted of transcription factors compared to those bound by LSD1 alone. Collectively, our integrative analysis reveals a pleiotropic role of LSD1 in promoting RNAPII pausing.
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Project description:RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) transcriptional elongation pausing is an integral part of the dynamic regulation of gene transcription in the genome of metazoans. It plays a pivotal role in many vital biological processes and disease progression. However, experimentally measuring genome-wide Pol II pausing is technically challenging and the precise governing mechanism underlying this process is not fully understood. Here, we develop RP3 (RNA Polymerase II Pausing Prediction), a network regularized logistic regression machine learning method, to predict Pol II pausing events by integrating genome sequence, histone modification, gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and protein-protein interaction data. RP3 can accurately predict Pol II pausing in diverse cellular contexts and unveil the transcription factors that are associated with the Pol II pausing machinery. Furthermore, we utilize a forward feature selection framework to systematically identify the combination of histone modification signals associated with Pol II pausing. RP3 is freely available at https://github.com/AMSSwanglab/RP3.
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Project description:Recent genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled high throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses performed in various eukaryotic organisms, analysed RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) pausing around the transcription start sites of genes. In this study we have further investigated genome-wide binding of Pol II downstream of the 3' end of the annotated genes (EAGs) by ChIP-seq in human cells. At almost all expressed genes we observed Pol II occupancy downstream of the EAGs suggesting that Pol II pausing 3' from the transcription units is a rather common phenomenon. Downstream of EAGs Pol II transcripts can also be detected by global run-on and sequencing, suggesting the presence of functionally active Pol II. Based on Pol II occupancy downstream of EAGs we could distinguish distinct clusters of Pol II pause patterns. On core histone genes, coding for non-polyadenylated transcripts, Pol II occupancy is quickly dropping after the EAG. In contrast, on genes, whose transcripts undergo polyA tail addition [poly(A)(+)], Pol II occupancy downstream of the EAGs can be detected up to 4-6 kb. Inhibition of polyadenylation significantly increased Pol II occupancy downstream of EAGs at poly(A)(+) genes, but not at the EAGs of core histone genes. The differential genome-wide Pol II occupancy profiles 3' of the EAGs have also been confirmed in mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells, indicating that Pol II pauses genome-wide downstream of the EAGs in mammalian cells. Moreover, in mES cells the sharp drop of Pol II signal at the EAG of core histone genes seems to be independent of the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain of the large subunit of Pol II. Thus, our study uncovers a potential link between different mRNA 3' end processing mechanisms and consequent Pol II transcription termination processes.
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Project description:GAS41 is a chromatin-associated protein that belongs to the YEATS family and is involved in the recognition of acetyl-lysine in histone proteins. A unique feature of GAS41 is the presence of a C-terminal coiled-coil domain, which is responsible for protein dimerization. Here, we characterized the specificity of the GAS41 YEATS domain and found that it preferentially binds to acetylated H3K18 and H3K27 peptides. Interestingly, we found that full-length, dimeric GAS41 binds to diacetylated H3 peptides with an enhanced affinity when compared to those for monoacetylated peptides, through a bivalent binding mode. We determined the crystal structure of the GAS41 YEATS domain with H3K23acK27ac to visualize the molecular basis of diacetylated histone binding. Our results suggest a unique binding mode in which full-length GAS41 is a reader of diacetylated histones.
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Project description:RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription is governed by the pre-initiation complex (PIC), which contains TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH, RNAPII, and Mediator. After initiation, RNAPII enzymes pause after transcribing less than 100 bases; precisely how RNAPII pausing is enforced and regulated remains unclear. To address specific mechanistic questions, we reconstituted human RNAPII promoter-proximal pausing in vitro, entirely with purified factors (no extracts). As expected, NELF and DSIF increased pausing, and P-TEFb promoted pause release. Unexpectedly, the PIC alone was sufficient to reconstitute pausing, suggesting RNAPII pausing is an inherent PIC function. In agreement, pausing was lost upon replacement of the TFIID complex with TATA-binding protein (TBP), and PRO-seq experiments revealed widespread disruption of RNAPII pausing upon acute depletion (t = 60 min) of TFIID subunits in human or Drosophila cells. These results establish a TFIID requirement for RNAPII pausing and suggest pause regulatory factors may function directly or indirectly through TFIID.
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Project description:Polycomb and trithorax group proteins regulate cellular pluripotency and differentiation by maintaining hereditable states of transcription. Many Polycomb and trithorax group proteins have been implicated in the covalent modification or remodeling of chromatin, but how they interact with each other and the general transcription machinery to regulate transcription is not well understood. The trithorax group protein Kismet-L (KIS-L) is a member of the CHD subfamily of chromatin-remodeling factors that plays a global role in transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Mutations in CHD7, the human counterpart of kis, are associated with CHARGE syndrome, a developmental disorder affecting multiple tissues and organs. To clarify how KIS-L activates gene expression and counteracts Polycomb group silencing, we characterized defects resulting from the loss of KIS-L function in Drosophila. These studies revealed that KIS-L acts downstream of P-TEFb recruitment to stimulate elongation by Pol II. The presence of two chromodomains in KIS-L suggested that its recruitment or function might be regulated by the methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 by the trithorax group proteins ASH1 and TRX. Although we observed significant overlap between the distributions of KIS-L, ASH1, and TRX on polytene chromosomes, KIS-L did not bind methylated histone tails in vitro, and loss of TRX or ASH1 function did not alter the association of KIS-L with chromatin. By contrast, loss of kis function led to a dramatic reduction in the levels of TRX and ASH1 associated with chromatin and was accompanied by increased histone H3 lysine 27 methylation-a modification required for Polycomb group repression. A similar increase in H3 lysine 27 methylation was observed in ash1 and trx mutant larvae. Our findings suggest that KIS-L promotes early elongation and counteracts Polycomb group repression by recruiting the ASH1 and TRX histone methyltransferases to chromatin.
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