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DHX9 suppresses spurious RNA processing defects originating from the Alu invasion of the human genome [hnRNPC FLASH CLIP-seq]

ABSTRACT: Transposable elements increase genetic diversity thus making them an important part of evolution and gene regulation in all organisms that carry these sequences. Bulk of our nascent transcriptome is comprised of transposable elements that have the propensity to form strong secondary structures. It is essential to resolve such strong secondary structures to maintain normal cellular function. Here, we show that the major nuclear RNA helicase DHX9/RHA interacts and remodels embedded Alu retrotransposable elements in the human transcriptome and B1 retrotransposable elements in the mouse transcriptome. To understand the function of DHX9 we used FLASH (Fast cloning of RNA After some Sort of affinity purification for High-throughput sequencing) to identify the in-vivo targets of human DHX9.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE94781 | GEO | 2017/03/28

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA374033

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Transposable elements are viewed as ‘selfish genetic elements’, yet they contribute to gene regulation and genome evolution in diverse ways. More than half of the human genome consists of transposable elements. With over 1 million insertions, Alu elements belong to the short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) family of repetitive elements, and with over 1 million insertions they make up more than 10% of the human genome. Despite their abundance and the potential evolutionary advantages they confer, Alu elements can be mutagenic to the host as they can act as splice acceptors, inhibit translation of mRNAs and cause genomic instability. Alu elements are the main targets of the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR and the formation of Alu exons is suppressed by the nuclear ribonucleoprotein HNRNPC, but the broad effect of massive secondary structures formed by inverted-repeat Alu elements on RNA processing in the nucleus remains unknown. Here we show that DHX9, an abundant nuclear RNA helicase, binds specifically to inverted-repeat Alu elements that are transcribed as parts of genes. Loss of DHX9 leads to an increase in the number and amount of circular RNAs, translational repression of reporters containing inverted-repeat Alu elements, and transcriptional rewiring (the creation of mostly nonsensical novel connections between exons) of susceptible loci. Biochemical purifications of DHX9 identify the interferon-inducible isoform of ADAR (p150), but not the constitutively expressed ADAR isoform (p110), as an RNA-independent interaction partner. Co-depletion of ADAR and DHX9 augments the double-stranded RNA accumulation defects, leading to higher levels of circular RNA production, revealing a functional link between these two enzymes. Our work uncovers an evolutionarily conserved function of DHX9. We propose that it acts as a nuclear RNA resolvase that neutralizes the immediate threat posed by transposon insertions and allows these elements to evolve as tools for the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.

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DHX9 suppresses spurious RNA processing defects originating from the Alu invasion of the human genome [hnRNPC FLASH CLIP-seq]

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