Project description:The intent of the experiment was to identify genes that were differentially expressed between dogs affected with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and breed-matched controls. Anterior cruciate ligament and knee synovial tissue biopsies were collected from 4 ACL rupture affected cases and 4 unaffected control dogs. Cases and controls were matched as closely as possible based on breed, sex, neutered status, age, and weight. Medications that the dogs were taking at the time of sample collection were also considered. We prioritized sample size and quality above all other variables, therefore, two matched pairs of Golden Retrievers were chosen with two matched pairs of Labrador Retrievers for this analysis. Tissues from cases were collected during knee stabilization surgery. Tissues from unaffected control dogs were collected from dogs undergoing pelvic limb amputation or euthanasia for reasons unrelated to this study. Illumina TruSeq RNA libraries were constructed and 150bp paired-end sequencing was performed using the Illumina Hi-Seq 2500 platform. Table 1. Breed, sex, age, and weight of matched case and control pairs chosen for RNA sequencing analysis Cases Matched Controls Breed Sex Age (yr) Weight (kg) Breed Sex Age (yr) Weight (kg) GR1 CM 8.8 30.5 GR2 CM 14.9 N/A GR3 CM 5.6 44.0 GR4 CM 3.9 34.0 LR1 CM 9.7 36.0 LR2 CM 12.7 28.5 LR3 CM 13.3 36.0 LR4 CM 13.5 35.0 GR = Golden Retriever. LR = Labrador Retriever. CM= castrated male. Weight at the time of death was not available for one dog.
Project description:Abnormal function of genes is at the root of most cancers, but heritable cancer syndromes account for a very small minority of all tumors in humans and domestic animals. The majority of cancers are “sporadic,” that is, they are not heritable in the strictest sense. Instead, sporadic cancers occur due to interactions of unknown intrinsic (heritable) and environmental factors that lead to malignant transformation and uncontrolled growth. Identification of heritable risk factors in sporadic human cancers is difficult because individual genetic backgrounds are very heterogeneous. To this end, individual genetic backgrounds of purebred dogs are more homogeneous, and dog breeds show different predilection to develop specific cancers. Here, we used genomic screens based on gene expression profiling to identify sets of genes that may contribute to the development of canine hemangiosarcoma, a relatively common endothelial sarcoma. Specific genes in a single breed (Golden Retrievers) are modulated by (or with) heritable risk traits, showing functional features that appear to modulate tumor behavior. Our results suggest these methods are suitable to identify genes that will enhance our understanding of how these cancers happen, as well as possible treatment targets that will improve outcomes of both human and canine cancer patients. Keywords: Hemangiosarcoma, microarray, heritability, GSEA, canine 10 samples were analysed. 6 Golden Retrievers with hemangiosarcoma, 3 non-Golden Retrievers with hemangiosarcoma, and 1 mixed breed Golden Retriever with hemangiosarcoma. The experiment was designed to find genes associated with breed and hemangiosarcoma to asses genetic make-up on disease susceptibility and/or progression
Project description:Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disease caused by mutations in the DMD gene and loss of the protein dystrophin. The absence of dystrophin leads to myofiber membrane fragility and necrosis, with eventual muscle atrophy and contractures. Affected boys typically die in their second or third decade due to either respiratory failure or cardiomyopathy. Despite extensive attempts to develop definitive therapies for DMD, the standard of care remains prednisone, which has only palliative benefits. Animal models, mainly the mdx mouse and golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dog, have played a key role in studies of DMD pathogenesis and treatment development. Because the GRMD clinical syndrome is more severe than in mice, better aligning with the progressive course of DMD, canine studies may translate better to humans. The original founder dog for all GRMD colonies worldwide was identified in the early 1980s before the discovery of the DMD gene and dystrophin. Accordingly, analogies to DMD were initially drawn based on similar clinical features, ranging from the X-linked pattern of inheritance to overlapping histopathologic lesions. Confirmation of genetic homology between DMD and GRMD came with identification of the underlying GRMD mutation, a single nucleotide change that leads to exon skipping and an out-of-frame DMD transcript. GRMD colonies have subsequently been established to conduct pathogenetic and preclinical treatment studies. Simultaneous with the onset of GRMD treatment trials, phenotypic biomarkers were developed, allowing definitive characterization of treatment effect. Importantly, GRMD studies have not always substantiated findings from mdx mice and have sometimes identified serious treatment side effects. While the GRMD model may be more clinically relevant than the mdx mouse, usage has been limited by practical considerations related to expense and the number of dogs available. This further complicates ongoing broader concerns about the poor rate of translation of animal model preclinical studies to humans with analogous diseases. Accordingly, in performing GRMD trials, special attention must be paid to experimental design to align with the approach used in DMD clinical trials. This review provides context for the GRMD model, beginning with its original description and extending to its use in preclinical trials.
Project description:The pod is the main edible part of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean). The commercial use of the pods is mainly affected by their color. Consumers seem to prefer golden pods. However, planters suffer economic losses because of pod color instability. The aim of the present study was to identify the gene responsible for the golden pod trait in the common bean. ‘A18-1’ (a golden bean line) and ‘Renaya’ (a green bean line) were chosen as the experimental materials. Genetic analysis indicated that a single recessive gene, pv-ye, controls the golden pod trait. A candidate region of 4.24-Mb was mapped to chromosome A02 using bulked-segregant analysis coupled to whole genome sequencing. In this region, linkage analysis in an F2 population localized the pv-ye gene to an interval of 182.9-kb between the simple sequence repeat markers SSR77 and SSR93. This region comprised 16 genes in this region, comprising 12 annotated genes from the P. vulgaris database, and 4 functionally unknown genes. Combined with transcriptome sequencing, we identified Phvul.002G006200 as the potential candidate gene for pv-ye. Sequencing of Phvul.002G006200 identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in pv-ye. This SNP is located in the coding region and is responsible for substituting a glutamic acid with an glutamine at position 416 of the pv-ye protein (E416Q). A pair of primers covering the SNP was designed and the fragment was sequenced to screen 316 F2 plants with the ‘A18-1’ phenotype, based on the different site. Our findings showed that the among the 316 mapped individuals, the SNP cosegregated with the ‘A18-1’ phenotype. The findings presented here could form the basis to reveal the mechanism of the golden pod trait in the common bean at the molecular level.
Project description:Like Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD) dog model of DMD exhibits is characterized by muscle necrosis, progressive paralysis, and pseudohypertrophy in specific skeletal muscles. This severe GRMD phenotype included atrophy of the biceps femoris (BF) and compared to unaffected normal dogs, while the long digital extensor (LDE) of the pelvic limb, serving as a hip flex and stifle extensor, is unaffected. A recent microarray analysis of GRMD identified alterations in genes associated with lipid metabolism and energy production. We, therefore, undertook a non-targeted metabolomics analysis of the GRMD BF (affected) and LDE (unaffected) using GC-MS to identify underlying metabolic defects specific for affected GRMD skeletal muscle. Of the 134 metabolites identified in BF, eight were significantly altered in GRMD BF compared to control BF (Glutamic Acid (2.48 fold vs. controls); Oleic Acid (1.76 fold vs. controls); Proline (1.73 fold vs. controls); Myoinositol-2- Phosphate (0.44 fold vs. controls); Fumaric Acid (0.40 fold vs. controls); Carnosine (0.40 fold vs. controls); Lactamide (0.33 fold vs. controls); and Stearamide (0.23 fold vs. controls). Pathway analysis of the T-test significant metabolites identified BF muscle metabolites significantly enriched for Arginine and proline metabolism (p=5.8E-4, FDR=0.04) and Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism (p=1.3E-3, FDR=0.05). The GRMD LDE previously reported to be unaffected, in contrast, had only one significantly altered metabolite (3-Phosphoglyceric Acid (0.35 Fold vs. controls)).The identification of elevated BF Oleic acid (a long-chain fatty acid) is consistent with recent microarray studies identifying altered lipid metabolism genes, while alterations in Arginine and Proline metabolism are consistent with recent studies identifying elevated L-arginine in DMD patient sera as a biomarker of disease (alterations in DMD or GRMD muscle itself have not previously been reported).Together, these studies demonstrate muscle-specific alterations in GRMD-affected muscle, which illustrate previously unidentified metabolic changes.
Project description:Numerous studies have demonstrated that golden pompano (Trachinotus blochii) is sensititive to hypoxia, which causes a devastating blow to the golden pompano industry. And different methods of reoxygenation after hypoxia could bring differnt effects on metabolism for golden pompano.
Project description:Full understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is critical for adequate treatment and development of vaccine and therapeutics. Although Golden hamster has been emerged as animal model of COVID-19, it is unknown how SARS-CoV-2 enters and infects targeted epithelial cells at molecular and cellular levels. Here, by applying single cell RNA sequencing in the upper respiratory tract, lung, kidney and intestine of golden hamster, we show that the expression profiles of host factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in specific cell types are similar to that of human. These data can be applied to a larger investigation (data not provided here) into the expression patterns of host cell entry factors of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamster organs.
Project description:Genotyping data on 192 schizophrenia cases and 181 healthy controls was generated using Psych Array V 1.3 Aim: To identify CNVs and SNPs associated with increased risk of schizophrenia