Project description:This SuperSeries is composed of the following subset Series: GSE37611: Effect of small molecules on activated astrocytes GSE37612: Effect of small molecules on activated BV2 microglia cell line Refer to individual Series
Project description:We have developed an assay to test the neuroprotective properties of compounds using stem cellM-bM-^@M-^Sderived motor neurons and astrocytes, together with activated microglia as a stress paradigm. Hit compounds were discovered and the transcriptional response on activated BV2 cells was tested. The BV2 cell line was activated with LPS and IFN-M-NM-3 and treated with hit compound for 4 hr.
Project description:Engrams are considered to be substrates for memory storage, and the functional dysregulation of the engrams leads to cognition impairment.However, the cellular basis for these maladaptive changes lead to the forgetting of memories remains unclear. Here we found that the expression of autophagy protein 7 (Atg7) mRNA was dramatically upregulated in aged DG engrams, and led to the forgetting of contextual fear memory and the activation of surrounding microglia.To determine mechanism by which autophagy in DG engrams activates the surrounding microglia, mice were co-injected AAV-RAM-Cre either with AAV-Dio-Atg7-Flag or AAV-Dio- EYFP in dorsal dentate gyrus to overexpress ATG7 in the DG memory engrams. Microglia were separated using magnetic-activated cell sorting and subjected to RNA-Seq in dorsal hippocampus .Bioinformatics analysis shown overexpression of Atg7 in dorsal DG memory engrams caused an increase in the expression of Tlr2 in the surrounding microglia.Depletion of Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) in DG microglia prohibited excessive microglial activation and synapse elimination induced by the overexpression of ATG7 in DG engrams, and thus prevented forgetting. Furthermore, the expression of Rac1, a Rho-GTPases which regulates active forgetting in both fly and mice, was upregulated in aged engrams. Optogentic activation of Rac1 in DG engrams promoted the autophagy of the engrams, the activation of microglia, and the forgetting of fear memory. Invention of the Atg7 expression and microglia activation attenuated forgetting induced by activation of Rac1 in DG engrams. Together, our findings revealed autophagy-dependent synapse elimination of DG engrams by microglia as a novel forgetting mechanism.
Project description:In the context of studying the role of the COP9 signalosome (CSN) in neuroinflammation and ischemic neuronal damage, we studied the effect of the cullin NEDDylation state-modifying drugs MLN4924 and CSN5i-3 in BV2 microglial cells, an immortalized murine cell line featuring many of the characteristics of primary microglia. Owing to its potent inhibitory effect on the NEDDylation cascade, MLN4924 exhibits a CSN5-like anti-inflammatory activity. Csn5i-3 is a small molecule inhibitor that specifically binds to CSN5, while it resides in the CSN holocomplex and blocks its deNEDDylase activity, thus leading to an accumulation of NEDDylated cullins. We performed untargeted mass spectrometry-based proteomics of the cell lysates after treating BV2 cells with these drugs under basal culture stress conditions. The proteomic analysis revealed that MLN4924 and CSN5i-3 substantially altered the microglial proteome.
Project description:Introgressed variants from other species can be an important source of genetic variation because they may arise rapidly, can include multiple mutations on a single haplotype, and have often been pretested by selection in the species of origin. Although introgressed alleles are generally deleterious, several studies have reported introgression as the source of adaptive alleles-including the rodenticide-resistant variant of Vkorc1 that introgressed from Mus spretus into European populations of Mus musculus domesticus. Here, we conducted bidirectional genome scans to characterize introgressed regions into one wild population of M. spretus from Spain and three wild populations of M. m. domesticus from France, Germany, and Iran. Despite the fact that these species show considerable intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation, introgression was observed in all individuals, including in the M. musculus reference genome (GRCm38). Mus spretus individuals had a greater proportion of introgression compared with M. m. domesticus, and within M. m. domesticus, the proportion of introgression decreased with geographic distance from the area of sympatry. Introgression was observed on all autosomes for both species, but not on the X-chromosome in M. m. domesticus, consistent with known X-linked hybrid sterility and inviability genes that have been mapped to the M. spretus X-chromosome. Tract lengths were generally short with a few outliers of up to 2.7 Mb. Interestingly, the longest introgressed tracts were in olfactory receptor regions, and introgressed tracts were significantly enriched for olfactory receptor genes in both species, suggesting that introgression may be a source of functional novelty even between species with high barriers to gene flow.
Project description:We inflicted TBI to chemokine-deficient mouse lines in order to establish involvement of various signalling pathways that may be addressed therapeutically. Interacting chemokine pathways in brain regulate distinct inflammatory cells. Activated microglia are separate from invading phagocytes and dendritic cells. Findings show potential targets to interfere with specific inflammatory responses after brain injury.
Project description:To study the role of LMNA gene in the central nervous system, LMNA gene knock-out mice model and BV2 cell line were obtained. Microglia activation was detected in mice and BV2 cell lines. Phagocytic activity and cytokine production were determined with immunofluorescent and qPCR respectively. Protein profiling of primary microglia and BV2 cells was identified with LC-MS/MS. Differentially expressed proteins were validated by western blotting.