Project description:Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc., a complex of larval carcass (sclerotium) and stroma formed by the fungus of Hirsutella sinensis infecting Hepialidae insect larvae, whose fruiting body is also the main fungal structure used for taxonomic identification. However, the induction of fruiting body is still inefficient and the high cost resulting in the large-scale artificial cultivation of this fungus has been unsuccessful in China.In this study,important factors and target genes associated with the fruiting body induction during the development of O. sinensis were identified, providing a basic molecular mechanism for facilitating the large-scale artificial cultivation of O. sinensis.
Project description:Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc., a complex of larval carcass (sclerotium) and stroma formed by the fungus of Hirsutella sinensis infecting Hepialidae insect larvae, whose fruiting body is also the main fungal structure used for taxonomic identification. However, the induction of fruiting body is still inefficient and the high cost resulting in the large-scale artificial cultivation of this fungus has been unsuccessful in China.In this study,important factors and target genes associated with the fruiting body induction during the development of O. sinensis were identified, providing a basic molecular mechanism for facilitating the large-scale artificial cultivation of O. sinensis.
Project description:Tolypocladium guangdongense has a similar metabolite profile to Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly regarded fungus used for traditional Chinese medicine with high nutritional and medicinal value. Although the genome sequence of T. guangdongense has been reported, relatively little is known about the regulatory networks for fruiting body development and about the metabolite biosynthesis pathways. In order to address this, an analysis of proteome at differentially developmental stages of T. guangdongense was performed. Many heat shock proteins, transcription factors and proteins related to active ingredients were differentially expressed during the developmental process. These data could be meaningful and useful for studying the molecular mechanisms of fungal development, and for the industrial and medicinal application of macro-fungi.
Project description:Despite the global importance of forests, it is virtually unknown how their soil microbial communities adapt at the phylogenetic and functional level to long term metal pollution. Studying twelve sites located along two distinct gradients of metal pollution in Southern Poland revealed that both community composition (via MiSeq Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes) and functional gene potential (using GeoChip 4.2) were highly similar across the gradients despite drastically diverging metal contamination levels. Metal pollution level significantly impacted microbial community structure (p = 0.037), but not bacterial taxon richness. Metal pollution altered the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa, including Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes and Proteobacteria. Also, a group of metal resistance genes showed significant correlations with metal concentrations in soil, although no clear impact of metal pollution levels on overall functional diversity and structure of microbial communities was observed. While screens of phylogenetic marker genes, such as 16S rRNA, provided only limited insight into resilience mechanisms, analysis of specific functional genes, e.g. involved in metal resistance, appeared to be a more promising strategy. This study showed that the effect of metal pollution on soil microbial communities was not straightforward, but could be filtered out from natural variation and habitat factors by multivariate statistical analysis and spatial sampling involving separate pollution gradients.
Project description:The natural histories of various parasite-host interactions that involve adaptive manipulation of host behavior describe a time-of-day synchronization of certain events. One example is the manipulated biting behavior observed in Carpenter ants infected with Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sensu lato. Field observations in Thailand demonstrated that manipulated biting takes place around solar noon. Laboratory work with species from South Carolina, demonstrated a shift of this synchronized biting event to the early morning. We therefore hypothesize that biological clocks play an important role in these and other parasite-host interactions. To set the stage for our future research into this, we, here, aimed to explore if fungal species of the complex O. unilateralis s.l. have a functional molecular clock. We, therefore, performed RNA-Seq on time course samples of the recently sequenced species Ophiocordyceps kimflemingiae. Fungal blastospores grown in liquid media were harvested under cycling light-dark and continuous darkness conditions. Rhythmic mRNA levels were assessed with JTK_CYCLE. We found that O. kimflemingiae is not hugely rhythmic under our sampling conditions, but rhythmicity can be observed. Moreover, we identified functional homologs of known clock genes. In addition, our data indicated that regulation of transcription appears to take place during the light phase (day time). In contrast, the expression levels of a significant number of secreted enzymes, proteases, toxins and small bioactive compounds peaked during the dark phase (night time). This suggests that this fungal parasite might indeed rely on biological clocks for the precise daily timing of certain events and additionally validates further research into this.
Project description:Agarwood is a kind of precious traditional Chinese medicine, the scarity of natural agarwood limits its wide application and resulted in the high price of agarwood. Agarwood formed when Aquilaria sinensis was suffered from chemical stimulus, mechanical damage and fungal infection, however, the molecular mechanism of which has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the quantitative proteomic analysis using iTRAQ technology combined with transcriptome analysis on chemically induced A. sinensis were firstly performed to elucidate the agarwood formation mechanism by formic acid stimulus. 3,029 proteins were detected, 504 differential proteins that showed at least 2-fold differences in their expression levels were selected ,
Project description:Cropping soils vary in extent of natural suppression of soil-borne plant diseases. However, it is unknown whether similar variation occurs across pastoral agricultural systems. We examined soil microbial community properties known to be associated with disease suppression across 50 pastoral fields varying in management intensity. The composition and abundance of the disease-suppressive community were assessed from both taxonomic and functional perspectives.
Project description:The ability to obtain carbon and energy is a major requirement to exist in any environment. For several ascomycete fungi (post-)genomic analyses have shown that species that occupy a large variety of habitats possess a diverse enzymatic machinery, while species with a specific habitat have a more focused enzyme repertoire that is well-adapted to the prevailing substrate. White-rot basidiomycete fungi also live in a specific habitat, as they are found exclusively in wood. In this study we evaluated how well the white-rot fungus Dichomitus squalens has adapted to degrade its natural wood substrate. The transcriptome and exoproteome of D. squalens were analysed after cultivation on two natural substrates, aspen and spruce wood, and two non-woody substrates, wheat bran and cotton seed hulls. D. squalens produced ligninolytic enzymes mainly at the early time point of the wood cultures, indicating the need to degrade lignin to get access to wood polysaccharides. Surprisingly, the response of the fungus to the non-woody polysaccharides was nearly as good match to the substrate composition as observed for the wood polysaccharides. This indicates that D. squalens has preserved its ability to efficiently degrade plant polysaccharides not present in its natural habitat.