Project description:Due to difficulties inherent in designating conservation units for effective species management and conservation, the use of multiple complementary sources of information is required to identify and assess the designation of conservation units based on the degree of variation among populations within a species. In this study, we combined estimates of microsatellite and transcriptomic variation to assess the population structure and potential for adaptive variation of threatened Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, among rivers in the Bay of Fundy. In general, population structure identified by genetic differentiation was consistent with the patterns of variation in gene expression. Both data sets provided clear indication of strong regional differentiation between rivers located within the inner Bay of Fundy relative to rivers located within the outer Bay of Fundy or the Southern Uplands region. There was also support for more refined population structure; there was some differentiation in both microsatellite and gene expression patterns between salmon from rivers in the two regions of the inner Bay of Fundy: Chignecto Bay and Minas Basin. Consistent patterns apparent in the genetic and transcriptomic dataset indicate that Atlantic salmon populations from the inner and outer Bay of Fundy reflect unique genetic lineages, with some evidence of unique genetic legacies between regions of the inner Bay of Fundy, and even between individual rivers within a region. Consistency of the microarray data across two years helps to validate the use of this technique as a useful tool in assessment of variation among wild populations for species conservation. Atlantic salmon samples used in this analysis were collected from Mactaquac and Coldbrook Biodiversity Centres on the east coast of Canada. In year one, eight individuals were hybridized per strain (five strains; 40 individuals in total). This design incorporated dye-swap replicates in which two slides were hybridized with the same pair of individuals, but the dyes were swapped for one of the slides. Therefore, in year one a total of 40 slides were used. Because of the large number of strains assessed in year two (12), dyes were balanced across slides to maximize biological replication. Six individuals were hybridized per strain; three of these were labelled with Cy3, and three were labelled with Cy5 (for a total of 36 arrays in year two).

Project description:Due to difficulties inherent in designating conservation units for effective species management and conservation, the use of multiple complementary sources of information is required to identify and assess the designation of conservation units based on the degree of variation among populations within a species. In this study, we combined estimates of microsatellite and transcriptomic variation to assess the population structure and potential for adaptive variation of threatened Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, among rivers in the Bay of Fundy. In general, population structure identified by genetic differentiation was consistent with the patterns of variation in gene expression. Both data sets provided clear indication of strong regional differentiation between rivers located within the inner Bay of Fundy relative to rivers located within the outer Bay of Fundy or the Southern Uplands region. There was also support for more refined population structure; there was some differentiation in both microsatellite and gene expression patterns between salmon from rivers in the two regions of the inner Bay of Fundy: Chignecto Bay and Minas Basin. Consistent patterns apparent in the genetic and transcriptomic dataset indicate that Atlantic salmon populations from the inner and outer Bay of Fundy reflect unique genetic lineages, with some evidence of unique genetic legacies between regions of the inner Bay of Fundy, and even between individual rivers within a region. Consistency of the microarray data across two years helps to validate the use of this technique as a useful tool in assessment of variation among wild populations for species conservation. Atlantic salmon samples used in this analysis were collected from Mactaquac and Coldbrook Biodiversity Centres on the east coast of Canada. In year one, eight individuals were hybridized per strain (five strains; 40 individuals in total). This design incorporated dye-swap replicates in which two slides were hybridized with the same pair of individuals, but the dyes were swapped for one of the slides. Therefore, in year one a total of 40 slides were used. Because of the large number of populations assessed in year two (12), dyes were balanced across slides to maximize biological replication. Six individuals were hybridized per strain; three of these were labelled with Cy3, and three were labelled with Cy5 (for a total of 36 arrays in year two).

Project description:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) continue to cause environmental challenges due to their release in the environment by a great variety of anthropogenic activities and their accumulation in soil ecosystems. Here we studied the toxicological effect of the model PAH phenanthrene (Phe) on the soil invertebrate model Enchytraeus crypticus at the individual, tissue and molecular level. Organisms were exposed to Phe for 2 and 21 days to the (previously estimated) EC10 and EC50 (population reproduction over 3 weeks). Gene expression profiling did not reveal a typical Phe-induced biotransfor-mation signature, as it usually does in arthropods and vertebrates. Instead, we observed only general metabolic processes to be affected after 2 days of exposure, such as translation and ATP synthesis-coupled electron transport. Histological sections of tissues of 2-day exposed animals did not show any deviations from the control situation. In contrast, prolonged exposure up to 21 days showed histopathological effects: chloragogenous cells were highly vacuolated and hypertrophic. This was corroborated by differential expression of genes related to immune response and oxidative stress at the transcriptomic level. The data exemplify the complexity and species-specific features of PAH toxicity among soil invertebrate communities, which restricts read-across and extrapolation in the context of soil ecological risk assessment. The data presented in our manuscript is an exposure experiment where E. cryticus is exposed to phenanthrene EC10 and EC50 on reproduction for 2 and 21 days. A single channel, interwoven loop design was used to test animals. 4 biological replicates per condition were used containing 25 grams of soil and 5 - 7, adult old animals per replicate. The platform is a 4*180k Agilent platform containing some 86k E. crypticus probes in duplicate. However, only a subset of the probes (23k) was used for the analysis. To see which probes were used in the analysis see the raw data files control type column, only probes which are denoted with a 0 were used.

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