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A complex of C9ORF72 and p62 uses arginine methylation to eliminate stress granules by autophagy - PART 2

ABSTRACT: Mutations in proteins like FUS which cause Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) result in the aberrant formation of stress granules while ALS-linked mutations in other proteins impede elimination of stress granules. Repeat expansions in C9ORF72, the major cause of ALS, reduce C9ORF72 levels but how this impacts stress granules is uncertain. Here, we demonstrate that C9ORF72 associates with the autophagy receptor p62 and controls elimination of stress granules by autophagy. This requires p62 to associate via the Tudor protein SMN with proteins, including FUS, that are symmetrically arginine-methylated by PRMT5. Mice lacking p62 accumulate arginine-methylated proteins and alterations in FUS-dependent splicing. Finally, patients with C9ORF72 repeat expansions accumulate symmetric arginine dimethylated proteins which co-localize with p62. This suggests that C9ORF72 initiates a cascade of ALS-linked proteins (C9ORF72, p62, SMN, FUS) to recognize stress granules for degradation by autophagy and hallmarks of a defect in this process are observable in ALS patients.

INSTRUMENT(S): Q Exactive

ORGANISM(S): Homo Sapiens (human)

TISSUE(S): Hela Cell

SUBMITTER: Maneka Chitiprolu

LAB HEAD: Derrick Gibbings

PROVIDER: PXD009741 | Pride | 2018-07-26

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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			Action	DRS
	DimethylKRSites_p62.txt	Txt
	Service_20150909_Menika_R1_HA_bott.raw	Raw
	Service_20150909_Menika_R1_HA_mid.raw	Raw
	Service_20150909_Menika_R1_HA_top.raw	Raw
	Service_20150909_Menika_R1_IgG_bott.raw	Raw

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A complex of C9ORF72 and p62 uses arginine methylation to eliminate stress granules by autophagy - PART 1

Project description:Mutations in proteins like FUS which cause Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) result in the aberrant formation of stress granules while ALS-linked mutations in other proteins impede elimination of stress granules. Repeat expansions in C9ORF72, the major cause of ALS, reduce C9ORF72 levels but how this impacts stress granules is uncertain. Here, we demonstrate that C9ORF72 associates with the autophagy receptor p62 and controls elimination of stress granules by autophagy. This requires p62 to associate via the Tudor protein SMN with proteins, including FUS, that are symmetrically arginine-methylated by PRMT5. Mice lacking p62 accumulate arginine-methylated proteins and alterations in FUS-dependent splicing. Finally, patients with C9ORF72 repeat expansions accumulate symmetric arginine dimethylated proteins which co-localize with p62. This suggests that C9ORF72 initiates a cascade of ALS-linked proteins (C9ORF72, p62, SMN, FUS) to recognize stress granules for degradation by autophagy and hallmarks of a defect in this process are observable in ALS patients.

2018-07-26 | PXD009759 | Pride

A complex of C9ORF72 and p62 uses arginine methylation to eliminate stress granules by autophagy - PART 3

2018-07-25 | PXD009760 | Pride

ALS-causative mutations in FUS/TLS confer gain- and loss-of-function by altered association with SMN and U1-snRNP

Project description:The RNA-binding protein FUS/TLS, mutation in which is causative of the fatal motor neuron disease ALS, is demonstrated to directly bind to the U1-snRNP and SMN complexes. ALS-causative mutations in FUS/TLS are shown to abnormally enhance their interaction with SMN and reduce interaction with U1-snRNP. Correspondingly, global RNA analysis reveals a mutant-dependent loss of splicing activity, with ALS-linked mutants failing to reverse changes caused by loss of wild-type FUS/TLS. Furthermore, a common FUS/TLS mutant-associated RNA splicing signature is identified in ALS patient fibroblasts. Taken together, our studies establish potentially converging disease mechanisms in ALS and spinal muscular atrophy, with ALS-causative mutants acquiring properties representing both gain (dysregulation of SMN) and loss (reduced RNA processing mediated by U1-snRNP) of function. RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing, Selection, and Ligation with Next-Generation sequencing (RASL-seq) method was used for analyzing alternative splicing changes. Oligonucleotide probes are designed to anneal to the exon-exon junctions. The probe library was assembled to assess 5530 unique alternative splicing events, most of which were exon inclusion or skipping, with a minority for alternative 5’- or 3’- splice sites. The splicing changes were compared among groups of reducing FUS/TLS or SMN levels, or expressing various FUS mutations to determine the loss versus gain of FUS/TLS function on splicing regulation.

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ALS-causative mutations in FUS/TLS confer gain- and loss-of-function by altered association with SMN and U1-snRNP

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Phase separation of C9orf72 dipeptide repeats perturbs stress granule metabolism

Project description:Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of RNA binding proteins underlies the formation of multiple membraneless organelles involved in RNA metabolism, including stress granules. Defects in stress granule homeostasis constitute a corner stone of ALS/FTLD pathogenesis. Phase separation of ALS-linked stress granule proteins has been shown to rely on hydrophobic interactions. Here we identify an active role for arginine-rich domains in these phase separations. Moreover, arginine-rich dipeptide repeats (DPRs) derived from C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions similarly undergo LLPS, and induce phase separation of a large set of proteins involved in RNA and stress granule metabolism. In the present proteomics experiment, we wondered which cellular proteins could interact with synthetic PR30 peptide. We took soluble HeLa cell lysate, to which we added increasing concentrations of PR30. The PR30 peptide spontaneously demixed, and could be separated from the solution by gentle centrifugation. Unexpectedly, the resulting pellet was largely resistant to washing steps, suggesting that PR induced the precipitation of different cellular proteins to the insoluble fraction. To see whether weak interactions could still be involved in the process, we also performed mild crosslinking with paraformaldehyde. Mass-spectroscopy (MS) analysis on both crosslinked and uncrosslinked samples identified 874 proteins that were detected and quantified in both conditions.

2017-04-26 | PXD005509 | Pride

CRISPR-Cas9 screens in human cells and primary neurons identify modifiers of C9orf72 dipeptide repeat protein toxicity

Project description:Hexanucleotide repeat expansions in the C9orf72 gene are the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (c9FTD/ALS). The nucleotide repeat expansions are translated into dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins, which are aggregation-prone and may contribute to neurodegeneration. We used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to perform genome-wide gene knockout screens for suppressors and enhancers of C9orf72 DPR toxicity in human cells. We validated hits by performing secondary CRISPR-Cas9 screens in primary mouse neurons. We uncovered potent modifiers of DPR toxicity whose gene products function in nucleocytoplasmic transport, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), proteasome, RNA processing pathways, and in chromatin modification. One modifier, TMX2, modulated the ER-stress signature elicited by C9orf72 DPRs in neurons, and improved survival of human induced motor neurons from C9orf72 ALS patients. Together, this work demonstrates the promise of CRISPR-Cas9 screens to define mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases. This dataset contains the RNA-sequencing data used to support the conclusions from this study.

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C9orf72 Intermediate Repeats are Associated with Corticobasal Degeneration, Increased C9orf72 Expression and Disruption of Autophagy

Project description:Microsatellite repeat expansion disease loci can exhibit pleiotropic clinical and biological effects depending on repeat length. Large expansions in C9orf72 (100s-1000s of units) are the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD). However, whether intermediate expansions also contribute to neurodegenerative disease is not well understood. Several studies have identified intermediate repeats in Parkinson’s disease patients, but the association was not found in autopsy confirmed cases. We hypothesized that intermediate C9orf72 repeats are a genetic risk factor for corticobasal degeneration (CBD), a neurodegenerative disease that can be clinically similar to Parkinson’s but has distinct tau protein pathology. Indeed, intermediate C9orf72 repeats were significantly enriched in autopsy-proven CBD (n=354 cases, odds ratio=3.59, p-value=0.00024). While large C9orf72 repeat expansions are known to decrease C9orf72 expression, intermediate C9orf72 repeats result in increased C9orf72 expression in human brain tissue and CRISPR/cas9 knockin iPSC derived neural progenitor cells. In contrast to cases of FTD/ALS with large C9orf72 expansions, CBD with intermediate C9orf72 repeats was not associated with pathologic RNA foci or dipeptide repeat protein aggregates. Knock-in cells with intermediate repeats exhibit numerous changes in gene expression pathways relating to vesicle trafficking and autophagy. Additionally, overexpression of C9orf72 without the repeat expansion leads to defects in autophagy under nutrient starvation conditions. These results raise the possibility that therapeutic strategies to reduce C9orf72 expression may be beneficial for the treatment of CBD.

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