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MDP phosphorylation by NAGK is essential for NOD2 activation

ABSTRACT: Bacterial cell wall components provide various unique molecular structures that are detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system as non-self. Most bacterial species form a cell wall that consists of peptidoglycan, a polymeric structure comprising of alternating amino sugars. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is the minimal, biologically active molecular structure derived from peptidoglycan, and its immunogenicity is well documented in numerous studies. MDP is sensed by the cytosolic nucleotide-binding and nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor 2 (NOD2), which triggers a pro-inflammatory response upon engagement 1,2. Conducting a forward genetic screen to identify factors required for MDP detection, we discovered that N-acetylglucosamine kinase (NAGK) is essential for the immunostimulatory activity of MDP. NAGK, which has previously been identified to contribute to the hexosamine salvage pathway in humans, is broadly expressed and inducible in innate immune cells. Mechanistically, NAGK functions upstream of NOD2 in that it directly phosphorylates the N-acetylmuramic moiety of MDP at the hydroxyl group of its C6 position, yielding 6-O-phospho-MDP. NAGK-phosphorylated MDP constitutes an essential component of NOD2 dependent signal transduction. Altogether, these results unveil a previously unknown interconnection of amino sugar metabolism and innate immunity to bacterial cell walls.

INSTRUMENT(S): Orbitrap Exploris 480, Q Exactive

ORGANISM(S): Homo Sapiens (human) Mus Musculus (mouse)

TISSUE(S): Cell Culture

SUBMITTER: Mario Oroshi

LAB HEAD: Matthias Mann

PROVIDER: PXD022384 | Pride | 2022-06-13

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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Phosphorylation of muramyl peptides by NAGK is required for NOD2 activation.

Stafford Che A CA Gassauer Alicia-Marie AM de Oliveira Mann Carina C CC Tanzer Maria C MC Fessler Evelyn E Wefers Benedikt B Nagl Dennis D Kuut Gunnar G Sulek Karolina K Vasilopoulou Catherine C Schwojer Sophia J SJ Wiest Andreas A Pfautsch Marie K MK Wurst Wolfgang W Yabal Monica M Fröhlich Thomas T Mann Matthias M Gisch Nicolas N Jae Lucas T LT Hornung Veit V

Nature 20220824 7927

Bacterial cell wall components provide various unique molecular structures that are detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system as non-self. Most bacterial species form a cell wall that consists of peptidoglycan (PGN), a polymeric structure comprising alternating amino sugars that form strands cross-linked by short peptides. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) has been well documented as a minimal immunogenic component of peptidoglycan<sup>1-3</sup>. MDP is sensed by the cyt ...[more]

PMID: 36002575

Publication: 1/2

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Project description:This data series contains spotted oligo microarray data from 10 different experiments using Agilent Rat v2 microarrays. This data is being made public in support of Fillon S et al. Journal of Immunology, (2006). Proinflammatory bacterial components are at least partially responsible for causing the clinical features of sepsis, a syndrome that causes >100,000 deaths each year in the US (1). In the case of Gram positive infection, a key bacterial element recognized by the innate immune system is the cell wall, a complex network of peptidoglycan covalently linked to teichoic acids, proteins and lipoproteins. The current model of innate immune recognition of Gram positive bacteria suggests bacterial cell wall interacts with host recognition proteins, such as toll-like receptors (TLR) and Nod proteins. We describe an additional recognition system mediated by the platelet activating factor receptor (PAFr) and directed to the pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) phosphorylcholine that results in uptake of bacterial components into host cells. Intravascular choline-containing cell walls bound to endothelial cells and caused rapid lethality in wild type, Tlr2-/- and Nod2-/- mice, but not in Pafr-/- mice. Cell wall exited the vasculature into the heart and brain, accumulating within endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and neurons in a PAFr-dependent way. Physiological consequences of the cell wall/PAFr interaction were cell specific, being noninflammatory in endothelial cells and neurons, but causing rapid loss of cardiomyocyte contractility that contributed to death. Thus, PAFr shepherds phosphorylcholine-containing bacterial components such as cell wall into host cells from where the response ranges from quiescence to severe pathophysiology. Keywords: Competitive hybridizations The ten experiments in this series comprise of four distinct experiments, two of which were performed as biological triplicates and two as biological duplicates. The table below describes the overall design in detail: File Name Experiment 16011868017643v41_GEO_format.txt RBCEC Replicate 1 16011868017644v41_GEO_format.txt RBCEC Replicate 2 251186821865v41_GEO_format.txt Neuron Replicate 1 16011868021377v41_GEO_format.txt Neuron Replicate 2 251186821690v41_GEO_format.txt CW/Lyt44 Replicate 1 251186821691v41_GEO_format.txt CW/Lyt44 Replicate 2 251186821692v41_GEO_format.txt CW/Lyt44 Replicate 1 251186821693v41_GEO_format.txt CW+TNF/Lyt44+TNF Replicate 1 251186821694v41_GEO_format.txt CW+TNF/Lyt44+TNF Replicate 2 251186829677v41_GEO_format.txt CW+TNF/Lyt44+TNF Replicate 3

Project description:Subinhibitory concentrations of the neuroleptic drug thioridazine (TDZ) are well-known to enhance the killing of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) by Î²-lactam antibiotics, however, the mechanism underlying the synergy between TDZ and Î²-lactams is not fully understood. In the present study we have examined the effect of a subinhibitory concentration of TDZ on antimicrobial resistance, the global transcriptome, and the cell wall composition of MRSA USA300. We show that TDZ is able to sensitize the bacteria to several classes of antimicrobials targeting the late stages of peptidoglycan synthesis. Furthermore, our microarray analysis demonstrates that TDZ modulates the expression of genes encoding membrane and surface proteins, transporters, and enzymes involved in amino acid biosynthesis. Interestingly, resemblance between the transcriptional profile of TDZ treatment and the transcriptomic response of S. aureus to known inhibitors of cell wall synthesis suggests that TDZ disturbs peptidoglycan biosynthesis at a stage that precedes transpeptidation. In support of this notion, dramatic changes in the muropeptide profile of USA300 were observed following growth in the presence of TDZ, indicating that TDZ can interfere with the formation of the pentaglycine branches. Strikingly, the addition of glycine to the growth medium relieved the effect of TDZ on the muropeptide profile. Furthermore, exogenous glycine offered a modest protective effect against TDZ-induced Î²-lactam sensitivity. We propose that TDZ exposure leads to a shortage of intracellular amino acids, including glycine, which is required for the production of normal peptidoglycan precursors with pentaglycine branches, the correct substrate of S. aureus penicillin-binding proteins. Collectively, this work demonstrates that TDZ has a major impact on the cell wall biosynthesis pathway in S. aureus and provides new insights into how MRSA may be sensitized towards Î²-lactam antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus USA300 was grown to early exponential phase and treated with TDZ (16 Âµg/ml) alone or in combination with DCX (0.125 Âµg/ml) for 30 min. Changes in global gene expression were analyzed using the untreated culture as control. Hybridizations were performed in triplicate using RNA isolated from independent cultures.

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MDP phosphorylation by NAGK is essential for NOD2 activation

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Phosphorylation of muramyl peptides by NAGK is required for NOD2 activation.

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