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Conserved exchange of paralog proteins during neuronal differentiation

ABSTRACT: Gene duplication enables the emergence of new functions by lowering the general evolutionary pressure. Previous studies have highlighted the role of specific paralog genes during cell differentiation, e.g., in chromatin remodeling complexes. It remains unexplored whether similar mechanisms extend to other biological functions and whether the regulation of paralog genes is conserved across species. Here, we analyze the expression of paralogs across human tissues, during development and neuronal differentiation in fish, rodents and humans. While ~80% of paralog genes are co-regulated, a subset of paralogs shows divergent expression profiles, contributing to variability of protein complexes. We identify 78 substitutions of paralog eggNOG pairs that occur during neuronal differentiation and are conserved across species. Among these, we highlight a substitution between the paralogs Sec23a and Sec23b subunits of the COPII complex. Altering the ratio between these two genes via silencing-RNA knockdown was able to influence neuronal differentiation in different ways. We propose that remodeling of the vesicular transport system via paralog substitutions is an evolutionary conserved mechanism enabling neuronal differentiation.

INSTRUMENT(S): LTQ Orbitrap Velos

ORGANISM(S): Danio Rerio (zebrafish) (brachydanio Rerio)

TISSUE(S): Neuron, Embryonic Stem Cell

SUBMITTER: Emilio Cirri

LAB HEAD: Alessandro Ori

PROVIDER: PXD027191 | Pride | 2022-03-07

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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Similar Datasets

Conserved exchange of paralog proteins during neuronal differentiation

Project description:Gene duplication enables the emergence of new functions by lowering the general evolutionary pressure. Previous studies have highlighted the role of specific paralog genes during cell differentiation, e.g., in chromatin remodeling complexes. It remains unexplored whether similar mechanisms extend to other biological functions and whether the regulation of paralog genes is conserved across species. Here, we analyze the expression of paralogs across human tissues, during development and neuronal differentiation in fish, rodents and humans. While ~80% of paralog genes are co-regulated, a subset of paralogs shows divergent expression profiles, contributing to variability of protein complexes. We identify 78 substitutions of paralog eggNOG pairs that occur during neuronal differentiation and are conserved across species. Among these, we highlight a substitution between the paralogs Sec23a and Sec23b subunits of the COPII complex. Altering the ratio between these two genes via silencing-RNA knockdown was able to influence neuronal differentiation in different ways. We propose that remodeling of the vesicular transport system via paralog substitutions is an evolutionary conserved mechanism enabling neuronal differentiation.

2022-03-07 | PXD027195 | Pride

Conserved exchange of paralog proteins during neuronal differentiation

Project description:Gene duplication enables the emergence of new functions by lowering the general evolutionary pressure. Previous studies have highlighted the role of specific paralog genes during cell differentiation, e.g., in chromatin remodeling complexes. It remains unexplored whether similar mechanisms extend to other biological functions and whether the regulation of paralog genes is conserved across species. Here, we analyze the expression of paralogs across human tissues, during development and neuronal differentiation in fish, rodents and humans. While ~80% of paralog genes are co-regulated, a subset of paralogs shows divergent expression profiles, contributing to variability of protein complexes. We identify 78 substitutions of paralog pairs that occur during neuronal differentiation and are conserved across species. Among these, we highlight a substitution between the paralogs Sec23a and Sec23b subunits of the COPII complex. Altering the ratio between these two genes via RNAi-mediated knockdown is sufficient to influence the differentiation of immature neuron. We propose that remodeling of the vesicular transport system via paralog substitutions is an evolutionary conserved mechanism enabling neuronal differentiation.

2022-03-07 | PXD027387 | Pride

Expression profile of S. pombe cells with ribosomal protein L32 paralogs

Project description:We cultured the cells of S. pmbe in EMM2, and harvested them in the OD600 of 0.5 and 10 respectively. We used microarrays to detail the the global program of gene expression of SP-Q01 and SP-Q01 carrying vevtor pESP3X to overexpress either ribosomal protein L32 paralog in the OD600 of 0.5 and 10 respectively. We constructed the ribosomal protein L32 paralog overexpression strains to mimic the expression pattern of RPL32 paralogs in wild-type cells of S.pombe. We cultured the cells to different growth phase, and used microarray to identify the genes were regulated distinctively by RPL32 paralogs.

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A germline PAF1 paralog complex ensures cell type-specific gene expression (proximity labeling data)

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Nrf2b: a novel zebrafish paralog of the oxidant-responsive transcription factor Nrf2.

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Rho kinase paralog regulation of gene transcription

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Discovery of synthetic lethal and tumor suppressive paralog pairs in the human genome

Project description:CRISPR knockout screens have accelerated the discovery of important cancer genetic dependencies. However, traditional CRISPR-Cas9 screens are limited in their ability to assay the function of redundant or duplicated genes. Paralogs in multi-gene families constitute two-thirds of the protein-coding genome, so this blind spot is the rule, not the exception. To overcome the limitations of single gene CRISPR knockout screens, we developed paired guide RNAs for Paralog gENetic interaction mapping (pgPEN), a pooled CRISPR/Cas9 approach which targets over a thousand duplicated human paralogs in single knockout and double knockout configurations. We applied pgPEN to two cell lineages and discovered that over 10% of human paralogs exhibit synthetic lethality in at least one cellular context. We recovered known synthetic lethal paralogs such as MAP2K1/MAP2K2, important drug targets such as CDK4/CDK6, and numerous other synthetic lethal pairs such as CCNL1/CCNL2. In addition, we identified ten tumor suppressive paralog pairs whose compound loss promotes cell growth. These findings identify a large number of previously unidentified essential gene families and nominate new druggable targets for oncology drug discovery.

2021-08-31 | GSE178179 | GEO

Specialized ribosomes in yeast as a response to oxidative stress

Project description:The yeast genome contains a substantial amount of duplicated ribosomal protein genes. Functional characterization of deletion strains of individual paralogs show that the phenotypes upon deletion are not the same for a given paralog pair, suggesting that ribosomal protein paralog genes have distinct functions and thus are not redundant. Here we aimed to explore the differential function of RPL22A and RPL22B in protein synthesis. For this aim, we compared the ribosome-bound mRNAs found in different polysomal fractions: monosome, polysomal low (2-3ribosomes/mRNA), and polysomal high (>3ribosomes/mRNA), relative to total mRNA, for 3 different yeast strains: ∆RPL22A, ∆RPL22B and wild-type. Our results show that the use of one or the other specific ribosomal paralog affects the protein synthesis rates of specific transcripts, suggesting that each ribosomal protein paralog is optimized for decoding a subset of transcripts. We also find that the ratio of these paralogs changes upon oxidative stress, and propose that ribosome heterogeneity might be employed as a strategy to tune protein translation upon oxidative stress.

2021-08-01 | GSE118296 | GEO

Rho kinase paralog regulation of gene transcription

Project description:The serine/threonine protein kinase paralogs ROCK1 & 2 have been implicated as essential modulators of angiogenesis; however their paralog-specific roles in endothelial function are unknown. Microarray analysis of ROCK knockdown lines revealed overlapping and unique control of global transcription by the paralogs, and a reduction in the transcriptional regulation of just under 50% of VEGF responsive genes. MS1 mouse endothelial cells were stably transfected with non-targeting, ROCK1 specific, or ROCK2 specific shRNA plasmids. Cells were grown to confluence and treated with sham or 2.5 ng/ml human recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for 12 hours. RNA from six independent biological replicates from each engineered cell line were collected, pooled, and subjected to triplicate technical replicates of microarray analysis.

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Duplicated ribosomal protein paralogs promote alternative translation and drug resistance

Project description:Ribosomes are often seen as monolithic machines produced from uniformly regulated genes. However, in yeast most ribosomal proteins come from duplicated genes. Here, we demonstrate that gene duplication may serve as a stress-adaptation mechanism modulating the global proteome through the differential expression of ribosomal protein paralogs. Our data indicate that the yeast paralog pair of the ribosomal protein L7/uL30 produces two differentially acetylated proteins. Under normal conditions most ribosomes incorporate the hypo-acetylated major form favoring the translation of genes with short open reading frames. Exposure to drugs, on the other hand, increases the production of ribosomes carrying the hyper-acetylated minor paralog that increases translation of long open reading frames. Many of these paralogs dependent genes encode cell wall proteins that could promote tolerance to drugs as their translation increases after exposure to drugs. Together the data reveal a mechanism of translation control through the differential use of near-identical ribosomal protein isoforms.

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