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Discovery of Novel Bilaterian Signaling Peptides Using Cone Snail Toxins

ABSTRACT: Peptide hormones and neuropeptides form a diverse class of signaling molecules that control essential processes in animals. Despite several breakthroughs in peptide discovery, many signaling peptides remain undiscovered. Recently, we demonstrated the use of somatostatin-like toxins from cone snail venom to identify homologous signaling peptides in prey. Here, we demonstrate that this toxin-based approach can be systematically applied to the discovery of other unknown bilaterian signaling peptides. Using large sequencing datasets, we searched for homologies between cone snail toxins and putative peptides from several important model organisms representing the snails’ prey. We identified and confirmed expression of five toxin families that share strong similarities with previously unknown signaling peptides from mollusks and annelids. One of the peptides was also identified in rotifers, brachiopods, platyhelminths, and arthropods, and another was found to be structurally related to crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, a peptide not previously known to exist in Spiralia. Based on several lines of evidence we propose that these signaling peptides not only exist but serve important physiological functions. Finally, we propose that the discovery pipeline developed here can be more broadly applied to other systems in which one organism has evolved molecules to manipulate the physiology of another.

INSTRUMENT(S): Q Exactive

ORGANISM(S): Conus Marmoreus

TISSUE(S): Venom Duct

SUBMITTER: Thomas Koch

LAB HEAD: Helena Safavi-Hemami

PROVIDER: PXD038992 | Pride | 2023-08-18

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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			Action	DRS
	03182019_Safavi_marmoreus_red_alk_02.raw	Raw
	03182019_Safavi_marmoreus_red_alk_02.raw_1_.mgf	Mgf
	03182019_Safavi_marmoreus_red_alk_02.raw_1_.mzid.gz	Mzid

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Discovery of Novel Bilaterian Signaling Peptides Using Cone Snail Toxins

Project description:Peptide hormones and neuropeptides form a diverse class of signaling molecules that control essential processes in animals. Despite several breakthroughs in peptide discovery, many signaling peptides remain undiscovered. Recently, we demonstrated the use of somatostatin-like toxins from cone snail venom to identify homologous signaling peptides in prey. Here, we demonstrate that this toxin-based approach can be systematically applied to the discovery of other unknown bilaterian signaling peptides. Using large sequencing datasets, we searched for homologies between cone snail toxins and putative peptides from several important model organisms representing the snails’ prey. We identified and confirmed expression of five toxin families that share strong similarities with previously unknown signaling peptides from mollusks and annelids. One of the peptides was also identified in rotifers, brachiopods, platyhelminths, and arthropods, and another was found to be structurally related to crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, a peptide not previously known to exist in Spiralia. Based on several lines of evidence we propose that these signaling peptides not only exist but serve important physiological functions. Finally, we propose that the discovery pipeline developed here can be more broadly applied to other systems in which one organism has evolved molecules to manipulate the physiology of another.

2023-08-18 | PXD038993 | Pride

Discovery of Novel Bilaterian Signaling Peptides Using Cone Snail Toxins

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Disruption of Glucose Homeostasis in Prey: Combinatorial Use of Weaponized Mimetics of Somatostatin and Insulin by a Fish-Hunting Cone Snail

Project description:Venomous animals have evolved diverse molecular mechanisms to incapacitate prey and defend against predators. The majority of venom components characterized to date disrupt the nervous, locomotor, and cardiovascular system or causes tissue damage and degradation1. The discovery that certain species of fish-hunting cone snail use weaponized insulins to induce hypoglycemic shock in prey provided an unusual example for the use of toxins that target glucose homeostasis2. Here, we show that, in addition to insulins, the deadly fish hunter, Conus geographus, uses a selective agonist of the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) that potently blocks the release of the insulin-counteracting hormone glucagon, thereby exacerbating insulin-induced hypoglycemia in prey. The native toxin, Consomatin nG1, exists in several proteoforms that contain a minimized vertebrate somatostatin-like core motif connected to a heavily glycosylated N-terminal region. We demonstrate that the toxin’s N-terminal tail aligns with a glycosylated somatostatin peptide previously identified from fish pancreas and plays an important role in activating the fish SSTR2. Collectively, these findings provide a stunning example of chemical mimicry, highlight the combinatorial nature of venom components, and establish glucose homeostasis as an effective target for prey capture.

2024-06-26 | PXD053107 | Pride

Disruption of Glucose Homeostasis in Prey: Combinatorial Use of Weaponized Mimetics of Somatostatin and Insulin by a Fish-Hunting Cone Snail

Project description:Venomous animals have evolved diverse molecular mechanisms to incapacitate prey and defend against predators. The majority of venom components characterized to date disrupt the nervous, locomotor, and cardiovascular system or causes tissue damage and degradation. The discovery that certain species of fish-hunting cone snail use weaponized insulins to induce hypoglycemic shock in prey provided an unusual example for the use of toxins that target glucose homeostasis. Here, we show that, in addition to insulins, the deadly fish hunter, Conus geographus, uses a selective agonist of the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) that potently blocks the release of the insulin-counteracting hormone glucagon, thereby exacerbating insulin-induced hypoglycemia in prey. The native toxin, Consomatin nG1, exists in several proteoforms that contain a minimized vertebrate somatostatin-like core motif connected to a heavily glycosylated N-terminal region. We demonstrate that the toxin’s N-terminal tail aligns with a glycosylated somatostatin peptide previously identified from fish pancreas and plays an important role in activating the fish SSTR2. Collectively, these findings provide a stunning example of chemical mimicry, highlight the combinatorial nature of venom components, and establish glucose homeostasis as an effective target for prey capture.

2024-06-26 | PXD052869 | Pride

Revealing the venomous secrets of the spider’s web

Project description:Orb-weaving spiders use a highly strong, sticky and elastic web to catch their prey. These web properties alone would be enough for the entrapment of prey; however, these spiders may be hiding venomous secrets in the web, which current research is revealing. Here, we provide strong proteotranscriptomic evidence for the presence of toxin/neurotoxin-like proteins, defensins and proteolytic enzymes on the web silk from Nephila clavipes spider. The results from quantitative-based transcriptomics and proteomic approaches showed that silk-producing glands produce an extensive repertoire of toxin/neurotoxin-like proteins, similar to those already reported in spider venoms. Meanwhile, the insect toxicity results demonstrated that these toxic components can be lethal and/or paralytic chemical weapons used for prey capture on the web; and the presence of fatty acids in the web may be responsible mechanism for open the way to the web-toxins for accessing the interior of prey's body, as showed here. Comparative phylogenomic-level evolutionary analyses revealed orthologous genes among two spider groups - Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae; and the findings showed protein sequences similar to toxins found in the taxa Scorpiones and Hymenoptera in addition to Araneae. Overall, these data represent a valuable resource to further investigate other spider web toxin systems; these data also suggest that N. clavipes web is not a passive mechanical trap for prey capture, but it exerts an active role in prey paralysis/killing using a series of neurotoxins.

2020-07-06 | PXD019134 | Pride

Taxon-specific toxicity and composition of venom produced by araneophagous white-tailed spiders (Lamponidae: Lampona sp.)

Project description:Prey-specialised spiders are adapted to capture specific prey items, including dangerous prey such as ants, termites or other spiders. It has been observed that the venoms of specialists are often prey-specific and less complex than those of generalists, but venom composition has not been studied in detail in prey-specialised spiders. Here, we investigated the venom of the prey-specialised white-tailed spider (Lamponidae: Lampona sp.), which utilises specialised morphological and behavioural adaptations to capture spider prey. We hypothesised Lampona spiders also possess venomic adaptations, specifically, its venom is more effective to focal spider prey due to the presence of prey-specific toxins. We analysed the venom composition using proteo-transcriptomics and taxon-specific toxicity using venom bioassays. Our analysis identified 208 putative toxin sequences, comprising 103 peptides <10 kDa and 105 proteins >10 kDa. Most peptides belonged to one of two families characterised by scaffolds containing eight or ten cysteine residues. Protein toxins showed similarity to galectins, leucine-rich repeat proteins, trypsins and neprilysins. The venom of Lampona was shown to be spider-specific, as it was more potent against the preferred spider prey than against alternative prey represented by a cricket. In contrast, the venom of a related generalist (Gnaphosidae: Gnaphosa sp.) was similarly potent against both prey types. Prey-specific Lampona toxins were found to form part of the protein (>10 kDa) fraction of the venom. These data provide insights into the molecular adaptations of venoms produced by prey-specialised spiders.

2023-02-08 | PXD033502 | Pride

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Bothrops jararaca venom gland proteome

Project description:While cellular transcripts encode rich information that provide key features to understand the molecular basis of snake venom variation, their presence/ abundance does not necessary imply/correlate in the translation of a functional (protein) product. In this study we carried out an analysis of the venom gland proteome of Bothrops jararaca taking into account two distinct phases of its ontogenetic development (i.e. newborn and adult specimens) and the marked sexual dimorphism recently reported on its venom proteome. Proteomic data analysis showed wider dynamic range for toxins when comparing to non-toxins and a dynamic proteome rearrangement in cellular proteins upon B. jararaca development. Differentially expressed proteins covered a number of biological pathways related to protein synthesis, including proteins related to transcription and translation, which were found to be significantly higher expressed in the newborn venom gland. Our results showed that the variation in the expression levels of cellular proteins gives rise to an even higher variation in the dynamic range of the expressed toxins. Upon ageing, the molecular constraints related to protein synthesis together with ecological traits would likely have an impact on the toxin repertoire, which, in the case of B. jararaca species, would enable the species to deal with different prey types during its lifespan.

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Project description:Cone Snail Toxin Evolution

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Aplysia californica

Project description:Aplysia californica doppelganger toxins related peptides

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The dual prey-inactivation strategy of spiders - In-depth venomic analysis of Cupiennius salei

Project description:Most knowledge on spider venoms concerns neurotoxins acting on ion channels, whereas proteins and their significance for the envenomation process are neglected. The comprehensive analysis presented here of the venom gland transcriptome and proteome of Cupiennius salei with a focus on proteins and cysteine-containing peptides offers new insight into the structure and function of spider venom, presented here as dual prey-inactivation strategy. After venom injection, many enzymes and proteins, dominated by α-amylase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and cysteine-rich secretory proteins, interact with main metabolic pathways, leading to major disturbance of the cellular homeostasis. Hyaluronidase and cytolytic peptides destroy tissue and membranes, thus supporting the spread of other venom compounds. We detected 81 transcripts of neurotoxins from 13 peptide families, whereof two families comprise 93.7% of all cysteine-containing peptides. This raises the question of the importance of the other low-expressed peptide families. The identification of a venom gland-specific defensin-like peptide and an aga-toxin-like peptide in the hemocytes offers an important clue on the recruitment and neofunctionalization of body proteins and peptides as the origin of toxins.

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