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Proteomic data and structure analysis combined reveal interplay of structural rigidity and flexibility on selectivity of cysteine cathepsins

ABSTRACT: Addressing the elusive specificity of cysteine cathepsins, which in contrast to caspases and trypsin-like proteases lack strict specificity determining P1 pocket, was calling for innovative approaches. Proteomic analysis of cell lysates with human cathepsins K, V, B, L, S, and F identified 30,000 cleavage sites, which were analyzed by software platform SAPS-ESI (Statistical Approach to Peptidyl Substrate-Enzyme Specific Interactions). SAPS-ESI was used to generate clusters and training sets for support vector machine learning. Cleavage site predictions on the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, confirmed experimentally, exposed the most probable first cut under physiological conditions and suggested furin-like behavior of cathepsins. Crystal structure analysis of representative peptides in complex with cathepsin V revealed rigid and flexible sites consistent with analysis of proteomics data by SAPS-ESI that correspond to positions with heterogeneous and homogeneous distribution of residues. Thereby support for design of selective cleavable linkers of drug conjugates and drug discovery studies is provided.

INSTRUMENT(S): LTQ Orbitrap, LTQ Orbitrap Velos

ORGANISM(S): Homo Sapiens (human)

TISSUE(S): Neuroblast (sensu Nematoda And Protostomia), Cell Culture

SUBMITTER: An Staes

LAB HEAD: Dusan Turk

PROVIDER: PXD041185 | Pride | 2023-03-29

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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Project description:Abstract still has to be written. The obtained peptide mixtures were introduced into an LC-MS/MS system, the Ultimate 3000 (Dionex, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) in-line connected to an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany). Samples were first loaded on a trapping column (made in-house, 100 um internal diameter (I.D.) x 20 mm, 5 um beads C18 Reprosil-HD, Dr. Maisch). After back-flushing from the trapping column, the sample was loaded on a reverse-phase column (made in-house, 75 um I.D. x 150 mm, 5 um beads C18 Reprosil-HD, Dr. Maisch). Peptides were loaded with solvent A (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, 2% acetonitrile), and were separated with a linear gradient from 2% solvent A' (0.05% formic acid) to 55% solvent B' (0.05% formic acid and 80% acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 300 nL/min followed by a wash reaching 100% solvent B'. The mass spectrometer was operated in data-dependent mode, automatically switching between MS and MS/MS acquisition for the six most abundant peaks in a given MS spectrum. Full scan MS spectra were acquired in the Orbitrap at a target value of 1E6 with a resolution of 60,000. The six most intense ions were then isolated for fragmentation in the linear ion trap, with a dynamic exclusion of 60 s. Peptides were fragmented after filling the ion trap at a target value of 1E4 ion counts. From the MS/MS data in each LC run, Mascot Generic Files were created using the Mascot Distiller software (version 2.3.01, Matrix Science). While generating these peak lists, grouping of spectra was allowed with a maximum intermediate retention time of 30 s and a maximum intermediate scan count of 5 was used where possible. Grouping was done with 0.005 Da precursor tolerance. A peak list was only generated when the MS/MS spectrum contained more than 10 peaks. There was no de-isotoping and the relative signal to noise limit was set at 2. These peak lists were then searched with the Mascot search engine (Matrix Science) using the Mascot Daemon interface (version 2.3, Matrix Science). Spectra were searched against the human (H. sapiens) Swiss-Prot database. 13C2D3-acetylation of lysine side-chains, carbamidomethylation of cysteine and methionine oxidation to methionine-sulfoxide were set as fixed modifications for the N-terminal COFRADIC analyses. Variable modifications were 13C2D3-acetylation and acetylation of protein N-termini. Pyroglutamate formation of N-terminal glutamine was additionally set as a variable modification. Mass tolerance on precursor ions was set to 10 ppm (with Mascot's C13 option set to 1) and on fragment ions to 0.5 Da. Endoproteinase semi-Arg-C/P (Arg-C specificity with arginine-proline cleavage allowed) was set as enzyme allowing no missed cleavages. The peptide charge was set to 1+, 2+, 3+ and instrument setting was put to ESI-TRAP. Only peptides that were ranked one and scored above the threshold score, set at 99% confidence, were withheld. Quantification of the degree of Nt-Acetylation was performed as described previously (1). All data management was done in ms_lims (2).

Project description:Co-translational N-terminal (Nt-) acetylation of nascent polypeptides is catalyzed by N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs). The very N-terminal amino acid sequence is the major factor determining whether or not a given protein is Nt-acetylated. In humans, six different NATs, denoted NatA-NatF, are identified. In the current study we used N-terminal COFRADIC analysis to define the in vivo substrate specificity of Naa50 (Nat5)/NatE as this has long remained elusive. Three yeast strains were generated; a control strain endogenously expressing yNaa50, a deletion strain depleted of yNaa50 and a strain deleted of yNaa50 but ectopically expressing human Naa50. When comparing the Nt-acetylation status of different N-termini in the control strain with the deletion strain, a reduction in Nt-acetylation for several yeast proteins was observed. To our surprise, these substrates were not of the predicted NatE-type substrates, but rather canonical NatA substrates. Further, ectopic expression of hNaa50 mainly resulted in the Nt-acetylation of a selected class of otherwise Nt-free yeast N-termini besides increasing the degree of Nt-acetylation of several other yeast proteins, and as such (partially) complementing those N-termini displaying reduced Nt-acetylation upon yNAA50-deletion. The preferred substrates of hNaa50 were predominantly Met-starting N-termini including Met-Lys-, Met-Val-, Met-Ala-, Met-Tyr-, Met-Phe-, Met-Leu-, Met-Ser- and Met-Thr, and highly overlapped with the previously identified human Naa60/NatF substrate specificity profile. Identification of several hNaa50 substrates with a small amino acid in the second position also revealed a potential interplay between the NATs and methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs). The initiator Methionine (iMet) is normally cleaved off by MetAPs when the second amino acid is small, but our in vitro data suggest that in contrast to a free iMet, an Nt-acetylated iMet is not hydrolyzed by MetAPs. Thus, Naa50-mediated Nt-acetylation may potentially act as a mechanism to retain the iMet of proteins with a small amino acid at the second position that normally would be hydrolyzed.

			Action	DRS
	F008611.mgf	Mgf
	F008612.mgf	Mgf
	F008613.mgf	Mgf
	F008614.mgf	Mgf
	F008615.mgf	Mgf

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Proteomic data and structure analysis combined reveal interplay of structural rigidity and flexibility on selectivity of cysteine cathepsins

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