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Middle and Late Pleistocene Denisovan subsistence at Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau

ABSTRACT: Genetic and limited palaeoanthropological data suggest that Denisovans, a sister group to Neanderthals, were once widely distributed in eastern Eurasia, likely stretching from high-latitude Siberia, to the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau, to the low-latitude subtropical regions of southeast Asia. This suggests that Denisovans were capable of adapting to a highly diverse range of environments, but archaeological evidence for this is currently limited. As a result, we know little about their behaviours, including subsistence strategies, across the vast areas they likely occupied. Here, we describe the late Middle to Late Pleistocene faunal assemblage from Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau, where the Xiahe Denisovan mandible and Denisovan sedimentary mtDNA were found, by integrating proteomic screening into traditional zooarchaeological analysis. The results indicate that the faunal assemblage consists of a diverse range of animals, including megafauna, large mammals, small mammals and birds, but is dominated by medium-sized herbivores. Frequent cut marks and percussion traces on bone surfaces throughout the assemblage, even on carnivore bones, indicate that Denisovan activities in Baishiya Karst Cave from at least 190 to 30 thousand years are responsible for the fauna assemblage accumulation. Thorough utilization of acquired animal resources, even perhaps the fur, too, might have helped Denisovans to survive through the last two glacial-interglacial cycles on the cold high-altitude Tibetan Plateau. Our results shed new light on Denisovan behaviours and their adaptations to the diverse and fluctuated environments in the Middle and Late Pleistocene eastern Eurasia.

INSTRUMENT(S): Orbitrap Exploris 480

ORGANISM(S): Naemorhedus Goral Marmota Himalayana Myospalax Sp. Budorcas Taxicolor Moschus Moschiferus Ochotona Cansus Gazella Subgutturosa Hystrix <rodents> Procapra Picticaudata Lepus Oiostolus Otocolobus Manul Capricornis Sumatraensis Elaphodus Cephalophus Pseudois Schaeferi

TISSUE(S): Bone

SUBMITTER: Zandra Fagernäs

LAB HEAD: Frido Welker

PROVIDER: PXD041874 | Pride | 2024-05-22

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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			Action	DRS
	20220218_EXPL2_nLC3_MEM_collab_77min_DDA_Ancient_bone_P0034.mgf	Mgf
	20220218_EXPL2_nLC3_MEM_collab_77min_DDA_Ancient_bone_P0034.mzid.gz	Mzid
	20220218_EXPL2_nLC3_MEM_collab_77min_DDA_Ancient_bone_P0034.raw	Raw
	20220218_EXPL2_nLC3_MEM_collab_77min_DDA_Ancient_bone_P0035.mgf	Mgf
	20220218_EXPL2_nLC3_MEM_collab_77min_DDA_Ancient_bone_P0035.mzid.gz	Mzid

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Project description:Background: Responses to hypoxia have been investigated in many species; however, comparative study between conspecific geographical populations in different altitude regions is rare, especially for invertebrates . The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is widely distributed both on high-altitude Tibetan Plateau (TP) and on low-altitude North China Plain (NP). TP locusts have inhabited Tibetan Plateau since Quaternary glaciations events and thus probably have evolved superior capacity to deal with hypoxia. Results: Here we compared the hypoxic responses of TP and NP locusts from morphological, behavioral and physiological perspectives. We found that TP locusts were more tolerant of extreme hypoxia than NP locusts, with a lower proportion exhibiting stupor, a faster recovery time, and higher respiration rates. We compared the transcriptional profiles of field TP and NP locusts and found that their differences were possibly attributed to a combination of multiple factors, e.g. oxygen, UV radiation, temperature and nutrition. To evaluate why TP locusts respond to extreme hypoxia differently from NP locusts, we subjected them to extreme hypoxia and compared their transcriptional responses. We found that the aerobic metabolism was more active in TP locusts than in NP locusts. RNAi disruption of PDHE1b, an entry gene from glycolysis to TCA cycle, increased the ratio of stupor in Tibetan locusts and decreased the ATP content of Tibetan locusts in hypoxia, confirming the significant importance of this metabolic branch for TP locusts to conquer hypoxia. Conclusions: Here we show that TP locusts are better tolerant of hypoxia than NP locusts and the better capacity to modulate primary metabolism in TP locusts contributes to their superior tolerance of hypoxia compared to NP locusts. FIELD POPULATION: TP locusts vs. NP locusts;direct comparison on 6 separate microarrays; each microarray compares one biological replicate; each biological replicate contains 10 individuals. LAB POPULATION: hypoxia-treated TP locusts vs TP locusts in normoxia; hypoxia-treated NP locusts vs NP locusts in normoxia; direct comparison on 6 separate microarrays; each microarray compares one biological replicate; each biological replicate contains 10 individuals.

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Middle and Late Pleistocene Denisovan subsistence at Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau

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