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Unveiling the venom proteome of Pope's Pit Viper (Trimeresusrus popeiorum)

ABSTRACT: Trimeresurus popeiorum, more popularly known as Pope's Pit Viper, is among the venomous Indian snakes that do not belong to the "Big Four" snake species. The project aims to unveil the venom proteome of Pope's Pit Viper (Trimeresusrus popeiorum) from northeastern India.

INSTRUMENT(S): 6540 Q-TOF LC/MS

ORGANISM(S): Trimeresurus Popeiorum

TISSUE(S): Epithelial Cell, Saliva

SUBMITTER: Bhargab Kalita

LAB HEAD: Dr. Ashish Kumar Mukherjee

PROVIDER: PXD057471 | Pride | 2025-03-19

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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Publications

Proteomic and functional characterisation of Trimeresurus popeiorum (Pope's pit viper) venom proteins: Role of enzymatic and non-enzymatic venom toxins in envenomation pathophysiology.

Kumar Rahul R Haripriya V V Patra Aparup A Kalita Bhargab B Vanuopadath Muralidharan M Nair Bipin Gopalakrishnan BG Mahato Rosy R Lalremsanga H T HT Khan Mojibur R MR Bala Asis A Mukherjee Ashis K AK

International journal of biological macromolecules 20250204 Pt 1

Snakebite remains a significant public health issue in tropical regions, with 4.5 to 5.4 million incidents annually. Trimeresurus popeiorum (Pope's Pit Viper), found in Southeast Asia and northeast India, poses a potential threat, yet its venom's protein composition and toxicity are poorly understood. In this study, we used label-free quantitative proteomics to analyze the venom of T. popeiorum, identifying 106 proteins across 12 venom protein families. Notably, 60 % of the venom consisted of pr ...[more]

PMID: 39914545

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Project description:This project mainly aims to characterize the complex toxic components present in the venom of Trimeresurus malabaricus (Malabar pit viper). Since Trimeresurus malabaricus (Malabar pit viper) species are mainly inhabited to plantation crop areas, its envenomation is a serious threat to the human population thriving in these zones, especially to the plantation workers. Therefore, exploring the venom proteome of Malabar pit viper is decisive to develop and design new antivenom and therapeutics against its envenomation. As described in this study, applying various orthogonal separation strategies helped in dissecting venom constituents of Trimeresurus malabaricus and is the first comprehensive attempt in revealing the complex venom profile of Malabar pit viper through proteomics approaches incorporating multiple database searches. In order to achieve this the crude venom components were resolved on a 12% SDS page. Further each of the bands were subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion. The crude venom was also subjected to ion-exchange chromatography separation. The obtained fractions were subjected to in-solution trypsin digestion. All the digested peptides were then subjected to Q-TOF LC-MS/MS analysis.

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Fangs in the ghats: preclinical insights into the medical importance of endemic pit vipers from the Western Ghats

Project description:The socioeconomic burden of snakebite in India is largely attributed to the ‘big four’ snakes, completely neglecting the considerable impact of envenoming by many other snake species. Bites from the so-called ‘neglected many’ are often treated with a polyvalent antivenom that is manufactured against the ‘big four’ snakes - a strategy that has been widely documented to fail. Yet, specific antivenoms are not commercially manufactured against these snakes. While the medical importance of various species of cobras, saw-scaled vipers, and kraits is very well-known, the clinical impact of pit vipers from the rainforests of the Western Ghats, northeastern India, and Andaman and Nicobar islands has remained elusive. Amongst the 90+ species of snakes found in the Western Ghats, the hump-nosed (Hypnale hypnale), Malabar (Craspedocephalus malabaricus) and bamboo (Craspedocephalus gramineus) pit vipers can potentially inflict clinically severe envenoming in humans. To evaluate the severity of toxicity inflicted by these snakes, we characterised their venom composition, biochemical and pharmacological activities, and toxicity- and morbidity-inducing potentials. Our findings highlight the therapeutic inadequacies of the generic Indian and Hypnale-specific Sri Lankan polyvalent antivenoms in neutralising morbidity and mortality resulting from pit viper envenomings and underscore the need for a regional antivenom therapy in India.

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Project description:Snake venoms are extremely active biological secretions containing primarily various classes of enzymes. The genus Bothrops comprises various pit viper species that represent the most medically significant taxa in Central and South America, accounting for more human envenomations and fatalities than any other snake taxa. Venom proteomes of many Bothrops species have been characterized but, although proteins of molecular mass higher than 100 kDa have been documented in Bothrops venoms, these large proteins have not yet been closely investigated. This study sought to achieve detailed identification of major components in the high molecular mass subproteome of venoms from eight Bothrops species (B. brazili, B. cotiara, B. insularis, B. jararaca, B. jararacussu, B. leucurus, B. moojeni and B. neuwiedi). The identification of proteins eluting in the first fractions of a size-exclusion chromatography of these venoms revealed that they are comprised mainly of enzymes, including minor components such as 5'-nucleotidase, aminopeptidase, phosphodiesterase, and phospholipases A2 and B, but with metalloproteinases and L-amino acid oxidases representing the most abundant components. Most of these components disappeared in electrophoretic profiles under reducing conditions suggesting that they may be composed of more than one polypeptide chain. A significant shift in the molecular masses of these protein bands was observed after enzymatic N-deglycosylation, indicating that they may contain N-glycans. Furthermore, the finding that none of the high molecular mass proteins is shared by all eight species reveals a high level of interspecies venom variability among these components.

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Proteomics Informed by Transcriptomics for Characterising Active Transposable Elements and Genome Annotation in Aedes aegypti

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