Project description:The lysosomal function is down-regulated in the white prepupal fat body, resulting in the enlargement of lysosomes in the tissue. The enlargement is blocked by the forced activation of lysosomes by the overexpression of mitf, a sole homolog of the MiTF/TFE family transcription factors. Thus, it is possible to speculate that mitf participates in the down-regulation of lysosomes in the fat body. To test this possibility, we performed a comparative mRNA-seq of (1) wild-type white prepupal fat body, (2) mitf overexpressed white prepupal fat body, and (3) wild-type third instar larval fat body. First, a comparison of (1) and (2) showed that the overexpression of mitf upregulated transcription of most of the lysosome-related genes in the fat body, consistent with previous studies. Next, a comparison of (1) and (3) indicated that the transcription level of several lysosome-related genes was decreased in (1) compared to (3). However, most of the genes regulated by Mitf were not transcriptionally affected. These results suggest that mitf is dispensable for the downregulation of lysosomes in the white prepupal fat body.
Project description:Metastatic melanoma is hallmarked by its ability to switch oncogenic MITF expression. Here we tested the impact of STAT3 on melanoma onset and progression in association with MITF expression levels. We established a mouse melanoma model for deleting Stat3 specifically in melanocytes with specific expression of human hyperactive NRASQ61K in an Ink4a deficient background. Mice with tissue specific Stat3 deletion showed an early onset of disease, but displayed significantly diminished lung metastasis. Whole genome expression profiling also revealed a reduced invasion phenotype, which was functionally confirmed in 3D melanoma model systems. Notably, loss or knockdown of STAT3 in mouse or human cells resulted in up-regulation of MITF and induction of cell proliferation. Mechanistically we show that STAT3 induced CEBPa/b expression was sufficient to suppress MITF transcription. Epigenetic analysis by ATAC-seq confirmed that STAT3 enabled CEBPa/b binding to the MITF enhancer region thereby silencing it. We conclude that STAT3 is a metastasis driver able to antagonize the MITF oncogene via direct induction of CEBP family member transcription facilitating RAS-RAF-driven melanoma metastasis.
Project description:The ability of cancer cells to switch phenotype in response to a dynamic intra-tumor microenvironment is a major barrier to effective therapy. In melanoma, down-regulation of the lineage addiction oncogene MITF (Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) is a hallmark of the proliferative-to-invasive phenotype switch. Yet how MITF promotes proliferation and suppresses invasion is poorly understood. Here we show that expression of the key lipogenic enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is activated by MITF, but suppressed by the stress-responsive transcription factor ATF4. SCD expression is required for MITF-positive melanoma cell proliferation,. By contrast, MITF-low cells express reduced levels of SCD and are insensitive to its inhibition, indicating that cell phenotype dictates response to drugs targeting lipid metabolism. Since SCD suppresses inflammatory signalling and ATF4 expression, the results identify a positive feedback-loop that can maintain an invasive phenotype, uncover a key role for MITF and ATF4 in metabolic reprograming, and reveal fatty acid composition as a driver of melanoma phenotype-switching.
Project description:Investigation of expression differences between skin and melanomas from a transgenic BRAFV600E zebrafish model of melanoma The embryos described in this study are further analyzed in a manuscript submitted for publication by White, et al. A 15 chip study using RNA extracted from either WT zebrafish skin, mitf-BRAFV600E;p53-/- skin or mitf-BRAFV600E;p53-/- melanoma
Project description:Investigation of expression differences between melanomas harvested from MiniCoopR-GFP versus MiniCoopR-SETDB1 transgenic zebrafish The embryos described in this study are further analyzed in a manuscript submitted for publication by White, et al. A 12 chip study comparing gene expression levels in 80hpf animals either WT (Tu), mitf-BRAFV600E, p53-/-, or mitf-BRAFV600E;p53-/- (double)
Project description:Increased MITF expression contributes to melanoma progression and resistance to BRAF pathway inhibition. We show that, unexpectedly, lack of MITF is associated with more severe resistance to a range of inhibitors. Indeed, the presence of endogenous MITF was essential for robust drug responses. Both in primary and acquired resistance, MITF levels inversely correlated with expression of several activated receptor tyrosine kinases, most commonly AXL. The MITF-low/AXL-high/drug resistance phenotype was seen in roughly half of BRAF mutant and the majority of NRAS mutant melanoma cell lines. The dichotomous behavior of MITF in drug response was corroborated in vemurafenib-resistant biopsies, including MITF high and low clones in a relapsed patient. Drug cocktails containing AXL inhibitor enhanced melanoma cell elimination by BRAF or ERK inhibition. Our results demonstrate that a low MITF/AXL ratio predicts early resistance to multiple targeted drugs, and warrant clinical validation of AXL inhibitors to combat resistance of BRAF and NRAS mutant MITF-low melanomas. Experssion analysis by RNAseq of 14 melanoma cell lines.
Project description:Phenotypic and metabolic heterogeneity within tumors is a major barrier to effective cancer therapy. Yet how metabolism is implicated in specific phenotypes, and whether lineage-restricted mechanisms control key metabolic vulnerabilities remains poorly understood. In melanoma, down-regulation of the lineage addiction oncogene Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor (MITF) is a hallmark of the proliferative-to-invasive phenotype switch, though how MITF promotes proliferation and suppresses invasion is poorly defined. Here we show that MITF is a lineage restricted activator of the key lipogenic enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), and that SCD is required for MITFHigh melanoma cell proliferation. By contrast MITFLow cells are insensitive to SCD inhibition. Significantly, the MITF-SCD axis suppresses metastasis, inflammatory signalling, and an ATF4-mediated feedback-loop that maintains dedifferentiation. Our results reveal that MITF is a lineagespecific regulator of metabolic reprogramming, whereby fatty acid composition is a driver of melanoma phenotype-switching, and highlight that cell phenotype dictates response to drugs targeting lipid metabolism.