Project description:Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) play key roles in plant development, growth and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. At least four classes of sRNAs have been well characterized in plants, including repeat-associated siRNAs (rasiRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs) and natural antisense transcript-derived siRNAs. Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is one of the most important coniferous evergreen tree species in China. No sRNA from Chinese fir has been described to date. To obtain sRNAs in Chinese fir, we sequenced a sRNA library generated from seeds, seedlings, leaves, stems and calli, using Illumina high throughput sequencing technology. A comprehensive set of sRNAs were acquired, including conserved and novel miRNAs, rasiRNAs and tasiRNAs. With BLASTN and MIREAP we identified a total of 115 conserved miRNAs comprising 40 miRNA families and one novel miRNA with precursor sequence. The expressions of 16 conserved and one novel miRNAs and one tasiRNA were detected by RT-PCR. Utilizing real time RT-PCR, we revealed that four conserved and one novel miRNAs displayed developmental stage-specific expression patterns in Chinese fir. In addition, 209 unigenes were predicted to be targets of 30 Chinese fir miRNA families, of which five target genes were experimentally verified by 5' RACE, including a squamosa promoter-binding protein gene, a pentatricopeptide (PPR) repeat-containing protein gene, a BolA-like family protein gene, AGO1 and a gene of unknown function. We also demonstrated that the DCL3-dependent rasiRNA biogenesis pathway, which had been considered absent in conifers, existed in Chinese fir. Furthermore, the miR390-TAS3-ARF regulatory pathway was elucidated. We unveiled a complex population of sRNAs in Chinese fir through high throughput sequencing. This provides an insight into the composition and function of sRNAs in Chinese fir and sheds new light on land plant sRNA evolution. The aim of this study is to investigate the small RNA transcriptome in Cunninghamia lanceolata. Total RNAs of seeds and calli were extracted using RNAiso-mate for plant tissue and RNAiso plus (Takara, Dalian, Liaoning, China), whereas total RNAs of seedlings, adult leaves and stems were isolated with the Concert Plant RNA Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and were then treated with RNase-free DNase I (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Equal amount of total RNAs from the 5 different samples were mixed to form a single RNA pool. Twenty micrograms of total RNAs from the pool were used and 16 to 30-nt sRNAs were purified using Novex 15% TBE-¬Urea gel (Invitrogen). Two adaptors were sequentially ligated to the 5' and 3' ends of purified sRNAs. The ligation products were further purified from Novex 10% TBE-Urea gel. Reverse transcriptase SuperScript II (Invitrogen) and high-fidelity DNA polymerase Phusion (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) were used in the following RT-PCR reaction. The amplification products were cut from Novex 6% TBE-Urea gel. The purified DNA fragments were used for sequencing on an Illumina 1G Genome Analyzer at the Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China.

Project description:Objective: In order to study the change law of Chinese fir gene expression caused by fertilization, it provides scientific basis for Chinese fir fertilization theory and practice. Method: Using Illumina HiSeq4000 high-throughput sequencing technology, sequencing sequences of four different fertilizer treatment materials (control CK1, nitrogen treatment N1, phosphorous treatment P1, and phosphorous and nitrogen mixture treatment NP1, each with three biological repeats) were obtained, and a series of comparative analysis of the differences were conducted. The experimental material was the 1-year clone cuttings of Chinese fir K62. At the end of 2017year, sand culture experiment was carried out in the plastic greenhouse of research institute of subtropical forestry,CAF. Because it was transcriptome sequencing without reference genome , sequencing reads need to be spliced into de novo, unigene and transcripts are assembled, and then functional annotation, differential expression and other project analysis are conducted. Result: In 12 samples, transcriptome sequencing produced clean reads5.0E+07nt to 7.1E+07nt, and the total splicing length was 724,341,090nt. BLASTX analysis was performed on clean reads in six databases (Nr, Swiss-prot,eggNOG, ,KEGG, Pfam, GO), and 74,288 genes were generated；The Venn diagram reveals the general overview of the gene response of different fertilization treatments: in the N1-VS-CK1 comparison group, NH4NO3 stimulation induced the opening expression of 3,295 genes, and CK1 produced 2,944 genes resistant to nitrogen; Similar results were obtained for other comparison groups. Chinese fir fertilization turns on and up-regulates the expression of some genes while shutting down or down regulating some genes of expression; Analysis of gene differential expression revealed that :720 differentially expressed genes were screened out in the N1-VS-CK1 comparison group, and 3,694 genes were found to be silenced by nitrogen application. Similar results were obtained in the other five groups: a number of differentially expressed genes were screened out, and a number of genes were silenced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer; The results of the heatmap clustering graph of the six comparison groups were revealed that the genes between the same treatment and the same comparison group are basically distributed in blocks: either high expression or low expression, and vice versa. The gene distribution between different treatments in the same comparison group was complementary. To fertilize Chinese fir, it is better to mix fertilizer with different types of fertilizers; The GO enrichment and functional classification has three major categories, namely, biological process BP, cell component CC and molecular function MF, with 50 small categories; Fertilization, whether single fertilizer or multiple fertilizers, has the greatest impact on the GO terms of Chinese fir: chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm. secondly molecular function, protein binding and biological process are affected. These results revealed that nitrogen and phosphorus can promote the absorption and metabolism of themselves and each other; KEGG enrichment analysis was performed in 6 comparison groups, and the most significant first 5 Pathway KEGG terms were selected in each comparison group, the comprehensive analysis results showed that after fertilizing Chinese fir, the most significant KEGG term was photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, carbon fixation and carbon metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, pentose-phosphate pathway, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, arginine biosynthesis and ect. Based on the above studies, the significantly up-regulated or down-regulated genes in important terms obtained by GO enrichment and classification and KEEG enrichment can be studied, and the results can guide the diagnosis of Chinese fir fertilization. Conclusion: Illumina HiSeq4000 transcriptome sequencing is a quick and cheap way to study the molecular mechanisms of non-model plants, including coniferous trees with large genomes. Chinese fir fertilization can not only turn on some genes, but also turn off some genes. The growth and development of Chinese fir will be regulated in a way that is favorable for its adaptation to the environment, competitive resources and growth and development.

Project description:Soils are a huge reservoir of organic C, and the efflux of CO2 from soils is one of the largest fluxes in the global C cycle. Out of all natural environments, soils probably contain the greatest microbial biomass and diversity, which classifies them as one of the most challenging habitats for microbiologists (Mocali and Benedetti, 2010). Until today, it is not well understood how soil microorganisms will respond to a warmer climate. Warming may give competitive advantage to species adapted to higher temperatures (Rinnan et al., 2009). The mechanisms behind temperature adaptations of soil microbes could be shifts within the microbial community. How microbial communities will ultimately respond to climate change, however, is still a matter of speculation. As a post-genomic approach in nature, metaproteomics allows the simultaneous examination of various protein functions and responses, and therefore is perfectly suited to investigate the complex interplay between respiration dynamics, microbial community architecture, and ecosystem functioning in a changing environment (Bastida et al., 2012). Thereby we will gain new insights into responses to climate change from a microbial perspective. Our study site was located at 910 m a.s.l. in the North Tyrolean Limestone Alps, near Achenkirch, Austria The 130 year-old mountain forests consist of Norway spruce (Picea abies) with inter-spread of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and silver fir (Abies alba). Three experimental plots with 2 × 2 m warmed- and control- subplots were installed in 2004. The temperature difference between control and warmed plots was set to 4 °C at 5 cm soil depth. Soil was warmed during snow-free seasons. In order to extract proteins from forest soil samples, the SDS–phenol method was adopted as previously described by Keiblinger et al. (2012). Protein extractions were performed from each subplot soil samples. The abundance of protein-assigned microbial phylogenetic and functional groups, were calculated based on the normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF, Zybailov et al., 2006).

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