Project description:Naegleria gruberi is a single-celled eukaryote best known for its remarkable ability to form an entire microtubule cytoskeleton de novo during its metamorphosis from an amoeba into a flagellate, including two basal bodies (equivalent to centrioles), two flagella (equivalent to cilia), and a cytoplasmic microtubule array. This full-genome transcriptional analysis, performed at 20-minute intervals throughout Naegleria differentiation, reveals vast transcriptional changes, including the differential expression of cytoskeletal, metabolism, signaling and stress response genes. Naegleria gruberi (strain NEG) was grown in association with Kleibsiella pneumoniae on solid media. Cells were prepared and differentiated using standard protocols, and harvested at 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after initiation of differentiation.
Project description:Naegleria gruberi is a single-celled eukaryote best known for its remarkable ability to form an entire microtubule cytoskeleton de novo during its metamorphosis from an amoeba into a flagellate, including two basal bodies (equivalent to centrioles), two flagella (equivalent to cilia), and a cytoplasmic microtubule array. This full-genome transcriptional analysis, performed at 20-minute intervals throughout Naegleria differentiation, reveals vast transcriptional changes, including the differential expression of cytoskeletal, metabolism, signaling and stress response genes. Naegleria gruberi (strain NEG) was grown in association with Kleibsiella pneumoniae on solid media. Cells were prepared and differentiated using standard protocols, and harvested at 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after initiation of differentiation. Three independent biological replicates were obtained from differentiating N. gruberi. Each replicate series included the following timepoints: 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after initiation of differentiation.
Project description:Naegleria gruberi is a free-living heterotrophic aerobic amoeba well known for its ability to transform from an amoeba to a flagellate form. The genome of N. gruberi has been recently published, and in silico predictions demonstrated that Naegleria has the capacity for both aerobic respiration and anaerobic biochemistry to produce molecular hydrogen in its mitochondria. This finding was considered to have fundamental implications on the evolution of mitochondrial metabolism and of the last eukaryotic common ancestor. However, no actual experimental data have been shown to support this hypothesis. For this reason, we have decided to investigate the anaerobic metabolism of the mitochondrion of N. gruberi. Using in vivo biochemical assays, we have demonstrated that N. gruberi has indeed a functional [FeFe]-hydrogenase, an enzyme that is attributed to anaerobic organisms. Surprisingly, in contrast to the published predictions, we have demonstrated that hydrogenase is localized exclusively in the cytosol, while no hydrogenase activity was associated with mitochondria of the organism. In addition, cytosolic localization displayed for HydE, a marker component of hydrogenase maturases. Naegleria gruberi, an obligate aerobic organism and one of the earliest eukaryotes, is producing hydrogen, a function that raises questions on the purpose of this pathway for the lifestyle of the organism and potentially on the evolution of eukaryotes.
Project description:Although copper is an essential nutrient crucial for many biological processes, an excessive concentration can be toxic and lead to cell death. The metabolism of this two-faced metal must be strictly regulated at the cell level. In this study, we investigated copper homeostasis in two related unicellular organisms: nonpathogenic Naegleria gruberi and the "brain-eating amoeba" Naegleria fowleri. We identified and confirmed the function of their specific copper transporters securing the main pathway of copper acquisition. Adjusting to different environments with varying copper levels during the life cycle of these organisms requires various metabolic adaptations. Using comparative proteomic analyses, measuring oxygen consumption, and enzymatic determination of NADH dehydrogenase, we showed that both amoebas respond to copper deprivation by upregulating the components of the branched electron transport chain: the alternative oxidase and alternative NADH dehydrogenase. Interestingly, analysis of iron acquisition indicated that this system is copper-dependent in N. gruberi but not in its pathogenic relative. Importantly, we identified a potential key protein of copper metabolism of N. gruberi, the homolog of human DJ-1 protein, which is known to be linked to Parkinson's disease. Altogether, our study reveals the mechanisms underlying copper metabolism in the model amoeba N. gruberi and the fatal pathogen N. fowleri and highlights the differences between the two amoebas.
Project description:RNA editing converts hundreds of cytidines into uridines in plant mitochondrial and chloroplast transcripts. Recognition of the RNA editing sites in the organelle transcriptomes requires numerous specific, nuclear-encoded RNA-binding pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins with characteristic carboxy-terminal protein domain extensions (E/DYW) previously thought to be unique to plants. However, a small gene family of such plant-like PPR proteins of the DYW-type was recently discovered in the genome of the protist Naegleria gruberi. This raised the possibility that plant-like RNA editing may occur in this amoeboflagellate. Accordingly, we have investigated the mitochondrial transcriptome of Naegleria gruberi and here report on identification of two sites of C-to-U RNA editing in the cox1 gene and in the cox3 gene, both of which reconstitute amino acid codon identities highly conserved in evolution. An estimated 1.5 billion years of evolution separate the heterolobosean protist Naegleria from the plant lineage. The new findings either suggest horizontal gene transfer of RNA editing factors or that plant-type RNA editing is evolutionarily much more ancestral than previously thought and yet to be discovered in many other ancient eukaryotic lineages.