Project description:Resistance to the phenoxy synthetic auxin herbicide 2,4-D is conferred by a deletion mutation in the degron tail of IAA2. An RNA-Seq experiment was used to assemble a reference transcriptome for the weed species Sisymbrium orientale, to quantify gene expression, and to identify sequence variants in the alignments. A 27 bp deletion was identified in the IAA2 gene. Forward genetics supported the role of this deletion mutation in resistance. The IAA2 deletion allele was transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana to confirm that it conferred 2,4-D resistance.
Project description:Glucosinolates (GSLs) from Sysimbrium officinale and S. orientale were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by their desulfo-counterparts using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Eight GSLs were identified in S. officinale, including Val-derived (glucoputranjivin) and Trp-derived (4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and neoglucobrassicin) as the major ones followed by Leu-derived (Isobutyl GSL), Ile-derived (glucocochlearin) and Phe/Tyr-derived (glucosinalbin). Different S. orientale plant parts contained six GSLs, with Met-derived (progoitrin, epiprogoitrin, and gluconapin) and homoPhe-derived (gluconasturtiin) as the major ones, followed by glucosinalbin and neoglucobrassicin. GSL breakdown products obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted distillation from S. officinale, as well as isopropyl isothiocyanate, as the major volatile in both isolates, were tested for their cytotoxic activity using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Generally, all volatile isolates showed similar activity toward the three cancer cell lines. The best activity was shown by isopropyl isothiocyanate at a concentration of 100 µg/mL after 72 h of incubation, with 53.18% for MDA-MB-231, 56.61% for A549, and 60.02% for the T24 cell line.
Project description:The complete chloroplast genome of Sisymbrium irio was determined. The length of the complete chloroplast genome is 154,001 bp. The whole chloroplast genome consists of 83,891 bp long single copy (LSC) and 17,630 bp small single copy (SSC) regions, separated by a pair of 26,240 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The S. irio chloroplast genome encodes 112 annotated known unique genes including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The phylogenetic position of S. irio is sister to Brassiceae and Thlaspideae.
Project description:Sisymbrium altissimum (S. altissimum), belonging to the family Brassicaceae, can grow in soils of all textures, even sand. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of S. altissimum using Illumina sequencing data. The cp genome exhibited a typical quadripartite cycle of 154,042 bp, composing of a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 26,260 bp) separated by a large single-copy (LSC, 83,912 bp) region and a small single copy (SSC, 17,610 bp) region. A total of 132 genes (87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs, and eight rRNAs) were annotated in this cp genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that S. altissimum was closely related to Sisymbrium irio.
Project description:Morphological variability and imprecise generic boundaries have hindered systematic, taxonomical, and nomenclatural studies of Sisymbrium L. (Brassicaceae, Sisymbrieae DC.). The members of this almost exclusively Old-World genus grow mostly on highly porous substrates across open steppe, semidesert, or ruderal habitats in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere and African subtropics. The present study placed the biological history of Sisymbrium L. into time and space and rendered the tribus Sisymbrieae as monotypic. Five nuclear-encoded and three chloroplast-encoded loci of approximately 85% of all currently accepted species were investigated. Several accessions per species covering their whole distribution range allowed for a more representative assessment of intraspecific genetic diversity. In the light of fossil absence, the impact of different secondary calibration methods and taxon sets on time spans was tested, and we showed that such a combinatorial nested dating approach is beneficial. Multigene phylogeny accompanied with a time divergence estimation analysis placed the onset and development of this tribus into the western Irano-Turanian floristic region during the Miocene. Continuous increase in continentality and decrease in temperatures promoted the diversity of the Sisymbrieae, which invaded the open grasslands habitats in Eurasia, Mediterranean, and South Africa throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Our results support the assumption of the Irano-Turanian region as a biodiversity reservoir for adjacent regions.
Project description:Biomass waste streams are a possible feedstock for a range of eco-friendly products and a crucial alternative energy source for achieving carbon neutrality; therefore, the efficient management of biomass waste has taken on a greater significance in recent years. Due to its well-comparable physic-chemical properties with fossil diesel, biodiesel is a potential substitute for fossil fuel. This study aimed to synthesize biodiesel from the widely available non-edible seed oil of Sisymbrium irio L. (a member of the Brassicaceae family) via a transesterification procedure over a homemade TiO2 catalyst. At 1:16 oil to methanol ratio, 93% biodiesel yield was obtained over 20 mg catalyst at 60 °C and 60 min. The ASTM methods were used to analyze the fuel properties. The quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed by FT-IR, GC-MS, and NMR spectroscopy. GC-MS study confirms 16 different types of fatty acids of methyl esters. FT-IR analysis showed important peaks that confirm the successful occurrence of biodiesel. 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR showed important peaks for converting triglycerides into corresponding FAMEs. The acid value (0.42 mg KOH/mg/kg), flash point (106 °C), and water content (0.034) of biodiesel are below the specified limit of ASTM D6751 whereas kinetic viscosity (3.72 mm2/s), density (0.874 kg/L), cloud point (- 4.3 °C) and pour point (- 9.6 °C) and high heating value (41.62 MJ/kg) fall within the specified range of ASTM D6751 test limit. The Unsaturation degree and oxidative stability of biodiesel are above ASTM D6751 test limit. The physic-chemical properties of the SIB confirm that it is eco-friendly fuel and a competitive source for manufacturing biodiesel on a commercial scale. Furthermore, the SIB is engine friendly and has good fuel efficacy.
Project description:Petal is not only the target of selection by horticulturalists to enhance the ornamental value of plants but also emerged as a unique model system for plant organogenesis studies. It is known that three major groups of pigments, betalains, carotenoids and anthocyanins, are responsible for the attractive natural display of flower colors. While carotenoids and betalains generally yield yellow or red colors, anthocyanins confer a diverse range of color from orange to red to violet and blue. In this study, we collected 11 species (Erysimum cheiri, Malcolmia maritime, Brassica oleracea, Raphanus sativus, Orychophragmus violaceus, Eruca sativa, Orychophragmus violaceus, Iberis amara, Aubrieta x cultorum, Lobularia maritime, Matthiola incana) belong to different tribe in Brassicaceae family with varied flower color and performed petal transcriptome analysis. de novo transcriptome assembly showed that average length of the contigs varied from 631bp in O. violaceus to 1212bp in Matthiola incana which indicated that the complexity of the genomes are different much. Protein homology between these species and those sequenced species in Brassicaceae family are consistent with the known phylogenetic relationships. However, O. violaceus has closer relationships with Sisymbrium irio than expected Brassica species. Clustering analysis of genes in anthocyanin and carotenoids synthesis pathway indicated that while silence or low expression of CCD4 (Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 4) leading to the yellow color formation in different species, purple or red color variation might result from different genes expression variation. These results not only provide transcriptome data for petal development study but also provide useful information for Brassica flower improvement for ornamental purpose.