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Virus infection of the CNS disrupts the immune-neural-synaptic axis via induction of pleiotropic gene regulation of host responses

ABSTRACT: Virus infection of the CNS disrupts the immune-neural-synaptic axis via induction of pleiotropic gene regulation of host responses

PROVIDER: PRJNA506387 | ENA |

REPOSITORIES: ENA

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Virus infection of the CNS disrupts the immune-neural-synaptic axis via induction of pleiotropic gene regulation of host responses

Project description:Treatment for many viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) remains only supportive. Here we address a remaining gap in our knowledge regarding how the CNS and immune systems interact during viral infection. By examining the regulation of the immune and nervous system processes in a nonhuman primate model of West Nile virus neurological disease, we show that virus infection disrupts the homeostasis of the immune-neural-synaptic axis via induction of pleiotropic genes with distinct functions in each component of the axis. This pleiotropic gene regulation suggests an unintended off-target negative impact of virus-induced host immune responses on the neurotransmission, which may be a common feature of various viral infections of the CNS.

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Virus infection of the CNS disrupts the immune-neural-synaptic axis via induction of pleiotropic gene regulation of host responses.

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Project description:Phagocytosis of synaptic debris by microglia is critical for CNS development and homeostasis. Less well understood are microglial functions in injured adult brain, where their presumed role is clearance of neuronal debris. Assay of this process is challenging, because the resulting peripheral myeloid-cell engraftment is difficult to dissociate from microglial clearance. The model used here, optic nerve crush injury in adult mouse, stimulates rapid engulfment of synaptic material by microglia residing in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), sufficiently distant from the injury to preclude peripheral-cell engraftment. Pre-injury pharmacological depletion of microglia causes post-injury accumulation of synaptic debris, suggesting that these, not astrocytes, are the dominant post-injury phagocytes. Genetic and pharmacological manipulations revealed that neuronal activity, which regulates microglial engulfment of synaptic debris in development, does not do so in post-injury synaptic material clearance in adulthood, where such clearance depends instead on axonal integrity. RNAseq reveals C1q involvement in clearance of debris by LGN-resident microglia, supporting our finding of its impaired clearance in C1qa-/- and Itgam-/- mice. Our results demonstrate how neurodegenerative debris is cleared by microglial phagocytosis, and offer a model for assaying microglial phagocytic activity and studying its mechanisms and physiological roles.

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Genome-wide in vivo CNS Screening Identifies Genes that Modify CNS Neuronal Survival and mHTT Toxicity

Project description:Unbiased in vivo genome-wide genetic screening is a powerful approach to elucidate new molecular mechanisms, but such screening has not been possible to perform in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Here we report the results of the first genome-wide genetic screens in the CNS using both shRNA and CRISPR libraries. Our screens identify many classes of CNS neuronal essential genes, and demonstrate that CNS neurons are particularly sensitive not only to perturbations to synaptic processes, but also autophagy, proteostasis, mRNA processing, and mitochondrial function. These results reveal a molecular logic for the common implication of these pathways across multiple neurodegenerative diseases. To further identify disease-relevant genetic modifiers, we applied our screening approach to two mouse models of Huntington’s disease (HD). Top mutant Huntingtin toxicity modifier genes included several Nme genes and several genes involved in methylation-dependent chromatin silencing and dopamine signaling, results that reveal new HD therapeutic target pathways.

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Essential omega-3 fatty acids tune microglial phagocytosis of synaptic elements in the developing brain

Project description:<p>Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; n-3 PUFAs) are essential for the functional maturation of the brain. Westernization of dietary habits in both developed and developing countries is accompanied by a progressive reduction in dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs. Low maternal intake of n-3 PUFAs has been linked to neurodevelopmental diseases in epidemiological studies, but the mechanisms by which a n-3 PUFA dietary imbalance affects CNS development are poorly understood. Active microglial engulfment of synaptic elements is an important process for normal brain development and altered synapse refinement is a hallmark of several neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we identify a molecular mechanism for detrimental effects of low maternal n-3 PUFA intake on hippocampal development. Our results show that maternal dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency increases microglial phagocytosis of synaptic elements in the developing hippocampus, partly through the activation of 12/15- lipoxygenase (LOX)/12-HETE signaling, which alters neuronal morphology and affects cognition in the postnatal offspring. While women of child bearing age are at higher risk of dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency, these findings provide new insights into the mechanisms linking maternal nutrition to neurodevelopmental disorders.</p>

2020-11-03 | MTBLS1952 | MetaboLights

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