Post-secretory synthesis of a natural analog of iron-gall ink in the black nectar of Melianthus spp.
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ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJNA915620 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
Dataset's files
| Action | DRS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SRR22889523_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR22889523_2.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR22889524_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR22889524_2.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR22889525_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz |
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Project description:The black nectar of Melianthus flowers is thought to serve as a visual attractant to pollinators, but the chemical identity and synthesis of the black pigment are unknown. Here we report that the black nectar contains a natural analog of iron-gall ink, which humans have used since medieval times. Specifically, dark black nectar at anthesis contains high levels of ellagic acid and iron; synthetic solutions of ellagic acid and iron(III) recapitulate the black color of the nectar. Conversely, lightly colored nectars before and after anthesis contain significantly lower levels of ellagic acid and iron, but higher levels of gallic acid. We then explored the possibility of post-secretory synthesis of ellagic acid from gallic acid. Indeed, Melianthus nectar contains a peroxidase that oxidizes gallic acid to form ellagic acid. Reactions containing the nectar peroxidase, gallic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and iron can fully recreate the black color of the nectar. Visual modeling indicates that the black color is both visible and conspicuous to birds within the context of the flower. In summary, the black nectar of Melianthus is derived from an ellagic acid-Fe complex analogous to iron-gall ink and is likely involved in the attraction of passerine bird pollinators.
2023-01-01 | GSE221730 | GEO
Project description:Floral nectar proteins (nectarins) are mainly enzymes and play important roles in inhibiting microbial growth in nectar and tailoring nectar chemistry before or after secretory. Nectar proteomes are usually small, but only very few plant species have had their nectar proteomes thoroughly investigated. Nectarins from Nicotiana tabacum (NT) were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and then analyzed using mass spectrometry. Glycoproteins were isolated from raw NT nectar, separated by SDS-PAGE, and identified by mass spectrometry. All eight identified nectarins and four invertase genes’ expression were analysed by qPCR. Sugars composition, total sugar concentration, protein content, polyphenol content and hydrogen peroxide content were compared at different time intervals in extracted nectar and nectar in situ after secretion. Totally, eight nectarins were detected in NT nectar in which only two are glycoproteins, beta-xylosidase and a protein with unknown function. All of the eight nectarin genes expression was not nectary-specific and not synchronous along with the nectary development. After secretion, NT nectar in flower tube changed from sucrose–rich to hexose-rich type even though no free invertase or its activity was detected in NT nectar. No sugar composition changes observed in extracted nectar after incubating at 30 ℃ up to 48 hours in plastic tubes. Our results indicate that nectar post-secretory changes could be a complex process and tissue closely contact with nectar might function in it.
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Project description:Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) is the causal agent of rice gall dwarf disease which causes severe loss of rice yield in Asia countries. In this study, we have analyzed the relationship between symptom and host gene responses by RGDV infection.
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Project description:We exposed Kavya rice seedlings to different gall midge biotypes, GMB1 and GMB4M, which exhibit incompatible and compatible interactions, respectively.
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Project description:Nectaries are the glands responsible for nectar secretion. To understand the genetic programming underlying nectar production, male and female squash(Cucurbita pepo) floral nectaries at four different time points (pre-secretion #1, pre-secretion #2, secretory, and post-secretory) in biological triplicate were collected, with RNA being isolated and subjected to Illumina RNA-seq analysis.
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Project description:Many flowering plants attract pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. Remarkably, the molecular events involved in the development of nectaries, the organs that produce nectar, as well as the synthesis and secretion of nectar itself, are poorly understood. Indeed, to date, no genes have been shown to directly affect the de novo production or quality of floral nectar. To address this gap in knowledge, the ATH1 Affymetrix GeneChip array was used to systematically investigate the Arabidopsis nectary transcriptome to identify genes and pathways potentially involved in nectar production. In this study, we identified a large number of genes differentially expressed between secretory lateral nectaries and non-secretory median nectary tissues, as well as between mature lateral nectaries (post-anthessis) and immature lateral nectary tissue (pre-anthesis). Three different types of RNA samples were prepared from Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 nectaries: mature lateral nectaries (MLN; Stage 14-15 flowers), immature lateral nectaries (ILN, Stage 11-12 flowers), and mature median nectaries (MMN, Stage 14-15 flowers) [developmental stages defined by (Smyth et al., 1990)]. MLN are secretory tissues, whereas, ILN and MMN are pre-secretory and nonsecretory tissues, respectively. All nectary tissues were separately dissected by hand from the flowers of primary inflorescences of ca. 30-35 day-old plants. All plants were grown in soil with a 16h light/8h dark light regimen. Due to the small size of nectaries, dissections took place over several days from 4-8 hours after dawn (h.a.d.).
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Project description:Many flowering plants attract pollinators by offering a reward of floral nectar. Remarkably, the molecular events involved in the development of nectaries, the organs that produce nectar, as well as the synthesis and secretion of nectar itself, are poorly understood. Indeed, to date, no genes have been shown to directly affect the de novo production or quality of floral nectar. To address this gap in knowledge, the ATH1 Affymetrix GeneChip array was used to systematically investigate the Arabidopsis nectary transcriptome to identify genes and pathways potentially involved in nectar production. In this study, we identified a large number of genes differentially expressed between secretory lateral nectaries and non-secretory median nectary tissues, as well as between mature lateral nectaries (post-anthessis) and immature lateral nectary tissue (pre-anthesis).
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Project description:The purpose of this project was to identify nectar proteins in Jaltomata herrerae
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