Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Digit patterning is controlled by a Bmp-Sox9-Wnt Turing network modulated by morphogen gradients

ABSTRACT: The goal of this microarray analysis was to see which genes are differentially expressed between Sox9-EGFP positive cells and Sox9-EGFP negative cells in E11.5 mouse limb bud autopods of the reporter Sox9-EGFP knock-in mouse(Nakamura et al 2011). This was done in order to gain insight of the genes that could contribute to the specification of the digits (Sox9 positive cells). Mesenchymal cells were extracted from the mouse (Sox9EGFP knock-in, Nakamura et al . 2011) embryo forelimb autopod at stage E11.5. Sox9EGFP-positive cells were FACS-sorted from Sox9EGFP-negative cells . Each FACS-sorted sample was made from several forelimb autopods (approximately n=10). Three replicates were used for each group of Sox9EGFP-positive cells and Sox9EGFP-negative cells. Extraction of total RNA, labeling and hybridization to the microarray were performed using attached protocols. We identified the genes that were differentially expressed between the two groups.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

SUBMITTER: Jelena Raspopovic

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-58158 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Vascular calcification and increased extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness are hallmarks of vascular ageing. Sox9 (SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9) is a master regulator of chondrogenesis, also expressed in the vasculature, that has been implicated in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) osteo-chondrogenic conversion. Here, we investigated the relationship between vascular ageing, calcification and Sox9-driven ECM regulation in VSMCs. Immunohistochemistry in human aortic samples showed that Sox9 was not spatially associated with vascular calcification but correlated with the senescence marker p16. Analysis of Sox9 expression in vitro showed it was mechanosensitive with increased expression and nuclear translocation in senescent cells and on stiff matrices. Manipulation of Sox9 via overexpression and depletion, combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and proteomics, revealed that Sox9 regulates ECM stiffness and organisation by orchestrating changes in collagen expression and reducing VSMC contractility, leading to the formation of an ECM that mirrored that of senescent cells. These ECM changes promoted phenotypic modulation of VSMCs whereby senescent cells plated onto ECM synthesized from cells depleted of Sox9 returned to a proliferative state, while proliferating cells on a matrix produced by Sox9 expressing cells showed reduced proliferation and increased DNA damage, reiterating features of senescent cells. Procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3 (LH3) was identified as a Sox9 target, and key regulator of ECM stiffness. LH3 is packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs) and Sox9 promoted EV secretion, leading to increased LH3 deposition within the ECM. These findings identify cellular senescence and Sox9 as a key regulators of ECM stiffness during VSMC ageing and highlight a crucial role for ECM structure and composition in regulating VSMC phenotype. We identify a positive feedback cycle whereby cellular senescence and increased ECM stiffening promote Sox9 expression which drives further ECM modifications that act to accelerate vascular stiffening and cellular senescence.

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Digit patterning is controlled by a Bmp-Sox9-Wnt Turing network modulated by morphogen gradients

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