Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Diverse fates of uracilated HIV DNA during infection of myeloid lineage cells

ABSTRACT: Using novel methods for mapping U/A base pairs in HIV DNA, we find that HIV proviruses within infected monocytes and macrophages contain high levels of U/A base pairs arising from the high levels of dUTP present during reverse transcription in these cells. Although U/A pairs retain the coding information of T/A pairs, they are the substrate for the nuclear uracil base excision repair (UBER) machinery that effectively degrades most of the uracilated viral DNA at the pre-integration stage of infection. Uracilated proviruses that successfully integrate either retain the uracils, undergo U/A T/A repair, or experience catastrophic mutagenesis induced by cytokine stimulated error-prone repair. Uracil is abundant in proviruses isolated from genomic DNA of short-lived blood monocytes, but not T cells, of HIV infected blood donors who show complete drug suppression plasma virus. This suggests that monocytes are recently infected by coming into contact with persistent virus producing cells in one or more tissue reservoirs. Data for HIV lockdown of Illumina libraries of MDM cells post viral infection with and without UDG treatment as compared to HT29-ugi cells treated with RTX.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

SUBMITTER: Jay Hesselberth

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-76091 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:HIV-1 infections of women are mainly acquired through female reproductive tract where cervical and vaginal epithelial cells are the first line of defense. Although HIV-1 does not directly infect epithelial cells, HIV-1 obligatorily interacts with and crosses over epithelial layer to infect susceptible target cells, mainly CD4+ T cells, in the lamina propria to initiate an infection. However, the mechanism and ramification of the interaction of HIV-1 and epithelial cells in vaginal transmission of HIV-1 remain to be elucidated. We hypothesized that cervical epithelial cells are not a passive barrier, but actively respond to HIV-1 to change mucosal milieu and facilitate HIV-1 transmission. We tested this hypothesis by studying the responses of cervical epithelial cells to HIV-1 through profiling genome-wide transcription. We found 1) cervical epithelial cells actively respond to HIV-1. Five hundred forty-three transcripts/genes in cervical epithelial cells were significantly altered in expression at four hours post exposure to HIV-1, of which many relate to important signaling pathways, such as innate immune responses, pattern recognition receptors, apoptosis, biosynthesis, and energy production, 2) HIV-1 increases the expression of CXC Chemokines (IL-8, CXCL1 and CXCL3) in cervical epithelial cells. IL-8 and CXCL1 are potent chemotactic for multinuclear neutrophils (MNP), monocytes and a minority of lymphocytes, and CXCL3 is predominant chemotactic for monocytes, 3) HIV-1 increases the expression of key inflammatory enzymes-COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is responsible for the production of prostaglandins that are important for homeostatic functions, and COX-2 is a key enzyme to convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, key inflammatory mediators, and 4) the increased expression of IL-8 and COX-2 revealed using microarray analysis was mapped into the endocervical epithelial cells of macaques inoculated with inactivated SIV in vivo. Our date lead to a role model of epithelial cells in HIV-1 vaginal transmission, that is the axis of HIV-1, epithelial cells, proinflammatory molecules (IL-8, CXCL1, CXCL3, COX-1 and COX-2), cell recruitment (MNP, monocytes and T cells), and inflammation. This model implies that moderating epithelial proinflammatory response to HIV-1 may be utilized in prevention of HIV vaginal transmission. Human endocervical epithelial cell line, CRL-2615, was inoculated with HIV-1 ME1 and collected 4hrs post exposure. Biologically duplicated mRNAs were prepared after exposure.

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Diverse fates of uracilated HIV DNA during infection of myeloid lineage cells

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