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Cathepsin B modulates lysosomal biogenesis and host defense against Francisella novicida infection

ABSTRACT: Lysosomal cathepsins regulate an exquisite range of biological functions, and their deregulation is associated with inflammatory, metabolic and degenerative disease in humans. Here, we identified a key cell-intrinsic role for cathepsin B as a negative feedback regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. Mice and macrophages lacking cathepsin B activity had increased resistance to the cytosolic bacterial pathogen Francisella novicida. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin B downregulated mTOR activity and prevented cleavage of the lysosomal calcium channel TRPML1. These events drove transcription of lysosomal and autophagy genes via the transcription factor TFEB, which increased lysosomal biogenesis and activation of autophagy-initiation kinase ULK1 for clearance of the bacteria. Our results identified a fundamental biological function of cathepsin B in providing a checkpoint for homeostatic maintenance of lysosome population and basic recycling functions in the cell. We used microarrays to explore the gene expression profiles differentially expressed in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) isolated from cathepsin B-/- and wild-type mice.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

SUBMITTER: Geoffrey Neale

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-79508 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Cathepsin B modulates lysosomal biogenesis and host defense against Francisella novicida infection

Project description:Lysosomal cathepsins regulate an exquisite range of biological functions, and their deregulation is associated with inflammatory, metabolic and degenerative disease in humans. Here, we identified a key cell-intrinsic role for cathepsin B as a negative feedback regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. Mice and macrophages lacking cathepsin B activity had increased resistance to the cytosolic bacterial pathogen Francisella novicida. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin B downregulated mTOR activity and prevented cleavage of the lysosomal calcium channel TRPML1. These events drove transcription of lysosomal and autophagy genes via the transcription factor TFEB, which increased lysosomal biogenesis and activation of autophagy-initiation kinase ULK1 for clearance of the bacteria. Our results identified a fundamental biological function of cathepsin B in providing a checkpoint for homeostatic maintenance of lysosome population and basic recycling functions in the cell.

2016-08-04 | GSE79508 | GEO

Mus musculus

Project description:Cathepsin B modulates lysosomal biogenesis and host defense against Francisella novicida infection

| PRJNA316012 | ENA

TH2 cytokines promote tumor progression via regulating cathepsin secretion in tumor-associated macrophages

Project description:Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have emerged as prominent cells within the tumor microenvironment playing critical roles in extracellular matrix remodeling, tumor cell proliferation and invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Cathepsin proteases, produced by tumor cells and TAMs, have been demonstrated to mediate these processes, but it still remains unclear how these typically lysosomal enzymes are capable of executing their functions in the extracellular space. Here we identify a novel interaction between STAT6 and STAT3 that potently upregulates cathepsin secretion in macrophages in response to TH2 cytokine stimulation. Systematic gene expression analyses reveal that the TH2 cytokine IL-4 synergizes with IL-6 or IL-10 to activate the IRE1α/ XBP1 axis of the unfolded protein response. Pharmacological inhibition of the IRE1α axis blunts cathepsin secretion in macrophages and blocks macrophage-mediated tumor cell invasion. Finally, we show that genetic ablation of either STAT6 or STAT3 signaling impairs tumor development and invasion. Thus, these findings demonstrate that TH2 cytokine-mediated STAT6 and STAT3 activation in macrophages promotes a professional secretory phenotype capable of enhancing tumor cell invasion in a cathepsin-dependent manner.

2016-08-17 | GSE70626 | GEO

Altered Ca+2 homeostasis induces Calpain-Cathepsin axis activation in sCJD.

Project description:Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most prevalent form of human prion disease and it is characterized by the presence of neuronal loss, spongiform degeneration, chronic inflammation and the accumulation of misfolded and pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc). The molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations are largely unknown, but the presence of intracellular neuronal calcium (Ca+2) overload, a general feature in models of prion diseases, is suggested to play a key role in prion pathogenesis. Here we describe the presence of massive regulation of Ca+2 responsive genes in sCJD brain tissue, accompanied by two Ca+2-dependent processes: endoplasmic reticulum stress and the activation of the cysteine proteases Calpains 1/2. Pathogenic Calpain activation in sCJD is linked to the cleavage of their cellular substrates, impaired autophagy and lysosomal damage, which is partially reversed by Calpain inhibition in a cellular prion model. Calpain 1 treatment enhances seeding activity of PrPSc in a prion conversion assay. Neuronal lysosomal impairment caused by Calpain over activation leads to the release of the lysosomal protease Cathepsin S that in sCJD mainly localises in axons. Additionally, massive Cathepsin S overexpression is detected in microglial cells. Alterations in Ca+2 homeostasis and activation of Calpain-Cathepsin axis already occur at pre-clinical stages of the disease as detected in a humanized sCJD mouse model. Altogether our work indicates that unbalanced Calpain-Cathepsin activation is a relevant contributor to the pathogenesis of sCJD at multiple molecular levels and a potential target for therapeutic intervention.

2017-05-15 | GSE90977 | GEO

Genetic and Acquired Lysosomal Disorders Drive Susceptibility to Tuberculosis by Compromising Macrophage Migration

Project description:A zebrafish forward genetic screen for determinants of susceptibility to Mycobacterium marinum identified a hypersusceptible mutant deficient in the lysosomal hydrolase Cathepsin L that manifests the hallmarks of human lysosomal storage diseases. In uninfected mutants, macrophages progressively accumulate undigested material in their lysosomes, leading to impaired migration and the accumulation of unengulfed cell debris. During mycobacterial infection, these vacuolated macrophages cannot migrate to phagocytose infected macrophages undergoing apoptosis in the tuberculous granuloma. Consequently, unengulfed apoptotic macrophages undergo secondary necrosis causing granuloma breakdown and increased mycobacterial growth. Macrophage lysosomal accumulations similarly impair migration to newly infecting mycobacteria. We find that important aspects of this phenotype are recapitulated in human smokers, who are at increased risk for tuberculosis. A majority of alveolar macrophages from smokers exhibit lysosomal accumulations and do not migrate to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This incapacitation of highly microbicidal first-responding macrophages may contribute to smokers' susceptibility to tuberculosis.

2015-10-21 | GSE74196 | GEO

Effect of Cathepsin L exposure on endothelial cell transcriptomics

Project description:Cathepsin L is a lysosomal protease that is secreted by several cancer cells. Cathepsin L upregulation has been widely associated with poor clinical outcome and increased metastatic incidence. However, whether Cathepsin L participates in tumor angiogenesis remains less studied. Our study showed a significant activation of angiogenic capacity of endothelial cells in presence of purified or tumor derived Cathepsin L. In addition, Cathepsin L exposure led to a significant increase in the proliferative capacity of endothelial cells. While the ability of Cathepsin L to promote endothelial cell sprouting, migration, invasion and tube formation can be attributed to its proteolytic effects on extracellular matrix, how it promotes endothelial cell proliferation remains obscure. The objective of this study was to test if Cathepsin L exposure can activate signaling cascades and gene expression leading to proliferation of endothelial cells.

2016-06-20 | GSE75744 | GEO

Targeted down-regulation of SRSF1 exerts anti-cancer activity in OSCC through impairing lysosomal function and autophagy

Project description:OSCC is a common cancer of the head and neck. Despite ongoing efforts, there remains a dearth of targeted drugs capable of effectively inhibiting OSCC growth. As the earliest discovered proto-oncogene in the SRSF family, targeted inhibition of SRSF1 plays an important role in tumor suppression. However, a comprehensive report on the expression, function, and mechanism of SRSF1 in OSCC has yet to be presented. This study retrospectively analyzed clinical samples from OSCC patients and discovered a significant correlation between the SRSF1 expression level and poor prognosis. In vitro experimentation demonstrated that SRSF1 knockdown inhibited OSCC growth, survival, lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. To confirm the significance of lysosomal function and autophagy in the regulation of OSCC growth by SRSF1, cell rescue models were constructed. The aforementioned findings were subsequently validated in xenograft models. Ultimately, targeted knockdown of SRSF1 was found to significantly suppress OSCC growth by impeding lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy.

2023-12-01 | GSE244710 | GEO

Cathepsin L is required for autolysosomal clearance in Drosophila

Project description:Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degrative pathway important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Much of our current knowledge of autophagy is focused on the initiation steps with the later steps, particularly lysosomal fusion leading to autolysosome formation and the subsequent role of lysosomal enzymes in degradation and recycling become evident. Autophagy can function in both cell survival and cell death, however the mechanisms that distinguish adaptive/survival autophagy from autophagy-dependent cell death remains to be established. Here we use a proteomic analysis of larval midguts during degradation identifying a group of proteins with peptidase activity, suggesting a role in autophagy-dependent cell death. We show that Cathepsin L deficient Drosophila larval midgut cells, accumulate autophagic vesicles due to a block in autophagic flux, yet midgut degradation in not compromised. The accumulation of large aberrant autolysosomes in the absence of Cathepsin function appears to be the consequence of decreased degradative capacity as they contain undigested cytoplasmic material rather and not due to a defect in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Finally, we find that other Cathepsins are also required for proper autolysosomal degradation in Drosophila larval midgut cells and that this is conserved in mammalian cells. Our findings suggest that Cathepsins play an important degrative role in the autolysosome to maintain autophagy flux, by balancing autophagosome production and turnover (to prevent autophagic stress).

2022-02-15 | PXD016675 | Pride

Oxidative stress induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization and ceramide accumulation in retinal pigment epithelial cells

Project description:Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness in older adults, with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells playing a key role. To better understand the cytotoxic mechanisms underlying oxidative stress, we used a mouse model of iron overload, as iron can catalyze reactive oxygen species formation in the RPE. In a liver-specific Hepc (Hamp) knockout murine model of systemic iron overload, RPE cells accumulated lipid peroxidation adducts and lysosomes, developed progressive hypertrophy, and underwent cell death. Proteomic and lipidomic analyses revealed accumulation of lysosomal proteins, ceramide biosynthetic enzymes, and ceramides. The proteolytic enzyme cathepsin D had impaired maturation. A large proportion of lysosomes were galectin-3 positive, suggesting cytotoxic lysosomal membrane permeabilization. RNA sequencing was performed and did not show evidence of upregulation of CLEAR network genes, suggesting that the lysosomal accumulation was due to decreased lysosomal turnover and not increased lysosomal biogenesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that iron overload induces lysosomal accumulation and impairs lysosomal function, likely owing to iron-induced lipid peroxides that can inhibit lysosomal enzymes.

2023-07-13 | GSE237309 | GEO

Transcriptional regulation of the innate immune reponse by the MITF/TFE3 family

Project description:To understand the activation of the MITF/TFE transcription factors in effective defense against pathogens we examined the genome wide distribution of TFE3 in control and activated mouse macrophages. It was determined that TFEB and TFE3 collaborate with each other to promote efficient autophagy induction, increased lysosomal biogenesis, and transcriptional upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and key mediators of the inflammatory response. 4 samples were analyzed: Background Control, Control, Starvation, LPS

2016-02-01 | E-GEOD-75822 | biostudies-arrayexpress

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