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CCL5 regulation of mucosal chlamydial immunity and infection.

ABSTRACT: Following genital chlamydial infection, an early T helper type 1 (Th1)-associated immune response precedes the activation and recruitment of specific Th1 cells bearing distinct chemokine receptors, subsequently leading to the clearance of Chlamydia. We have shown that CCR5, a receptor for CCL5, is crucial for protective chlamydial immunity. Our laboratory and others have also demonstrated that CCL5 deficiencies found in man and animals can increase the susceptibility and progression of infectious diseases by modulating mucosal immunity. These findings suggest the CCR5-CCL5 axis is necessary for optimal chlamydial immunity. We hypothesized CCL5 is required for protective humoral and cellular immunity against Chlamydia.The present study revealed that CCR5 and CCL5 mRNAs are elevated in the spleen, iliac lymph nodes (ILNs), and genital mucosa following Chlamydia muriduram challenge. Antibody (Ab)-mediated inhibition of CCL5 during genital chlamydial infection suppressed humoral and Th1>Th2 cellular responses by splenic-, ILN-, and genital mucosa-derived lymphocytes. Antigen (Ag)-specific proliferative responses of CD4+ T cells from spleen, ILNs, and genital organs also declined after CCL5 inhibition.The suppression of these responses correlated with delayed clearance of C. muriduram, which indicate chlamydial immunity is mediated by Th1 immune responses driven in part by CCL5. Taken together with other studies, the data show that CCL5 mediates the temporal recruitment and activation of leukocytes to mitigate chlamydial infection through enhancing adaptive mucosal humoral and cellular immunity.

SUBMITTER: Sakthivel SK

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2543025 | biostudies-literature | 2008 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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CCL5 regulation of mucosal chlamydial immunity and infection.

Sakthivel Senthilkumar K SK Singh Udai P UP Singh Shailesh S Taub Dennis D DD Igietseme Joseph U JU Lillard James W JW

BMC microbiology 20080813

<h4>Background</h4>Following genital chlamydial infection, an early T helper type 1 (Th1)-associated immune response precedes the activation and recruitment of specific Th1 cells bearing distinct chemokine receptors, subsequently leading to the clearance of Chlamydia. We have shown that CCR5, a receptor for CCL5, is crucial for protective chlamydial immunity. Our laboratory and others have also demonstrated that CCL5 deficiencies found in man and animals can increase the susceptibility and progr ...[more]

PMID: 18700040

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Project description:Zika virus (ZIKV) is a major human pathogen. ZIKV can replicate in female and male reproductive organs, thus facilitating the human-human transmission cycle. Viral shedding in the semen can increase the risk of ZIKV transmission through sexual mode. Therefore, the vaginal and anorectal mucosa are relevant sites for ZIKV infection. However, the pathobiology of ZIKV transmission through the rectal route is not well understood. Here, we utilize a mouse model system to investigate the immunopathological consequences following ZIKV infection of the rectal mucosa compared to a subcutaneous route of infection. We show that ZIKV-rectal inoculation results in viremia with subclinical infection. ZIKV infects the mucosal epithelium and submucosal dendritic cells, inducing immune and inflammatory cell infiltration. Rectal transmission of ZIKV resulted in the generation of serum-neutralizing antibody responses. Mass cytometry analyses of splenocytes showed a significantly reduced level of inflammatory monocyte and neutrophil cellular responses in the rectal route group. Furthermore, immunological priming through the rectal mucosa with an attenuated ZIKV strain resulted in significant protection from lethal subcutaneous ZIKV challenge, further eliciting robust memory CD4-positive (CD4+) and CD8+ T-cell and ZIKV-specific serum-neutralizing antibody responses. Thus, our study provides deeper immunopathobiological insights on rectal transmission and highlights a rational strategy for mucosal immunization. This model system recapitulates clinical aspects of human ZIKV disease outcome, where most infections are well controlled and result in subclinical and asymptomatic outcomes.IMPORTANCE Zika virus is a clinically significant human pathogen that is primarily transmitted and spread by Aedes species mosquitoes but is also sexually transmissible. The recent pandemic in the Americas led to an unprecedented increase of newborn babies with developmental brain and eye abnormalities. To date, there is no licensed vaccine or therapeutic intervention available for the fight against ZIKV. Understanding the sexual transmission of ZIKV through vaginal and rectal routes is necessary to restrict virus transmission and spread. This study examines the early immunological and pathological consequences of rectal and subcutaneous routes of ZIKV infection using a mouse model. We characterized the primary target cells of ZIKV infection and the subsequent mucosal immune responses to infection, and we demonstrate the protective effect of mucosal rectal immunization using an attenuated ZIKV strain. This mucosal vaccination approach can be further developed to prevent future ZIKV outbreaks.

Project description:Vaccine-induced immune responses following immunization with promising Chlamydia vaccines protected experimental animals from Chlamydia-induced upper genital tract pathologies and infertility. In contrast, primary genital infection with live Chlamydia does not protect against these pathologies. We hypothesized that differential miRNA profiles induced in the upper genital tracts (UGT) of mice correlate with the disparate immunity vs. pathologic outcomes associated with vaccine immunization and chlamydial infection. Thus, miRNA expression profiles in the UGT of mice after Chlamydia infection (Live EB) and immunization with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine (DC vaccine) or VCG-based vaccine (VCG vaccine) were compared using the NanoString nCounter Mouse miRNA assay. Of the 602 miRNAs differentially expressed (DE) in the UGT of immunized and infected mice, we selected 58 with counts >100 and p-values < 0.05 for further analysis. Interestingly, vaccine immunization and Chlamydia infection induced the expression of distinct miRNA profiles with a higher proportion in vaccine-immunized compared to Chlamydia infected mice; DC vaccine (41), VCG vaccine (23), and Live EB (15). Hierarchical clustering analysis showed notable differences in the uniquely DE miRNAs for each experimental group, with DC vaccine showing the highest number (21 up-regulated, five down-regulated), VCG vaccine (two up-regulated, five down-regulated), and live EB (two up-regulated, four down-regulated). The DC vaccine-immunized group showed the highest number (21 up-regulated and five down-regulated compared to two up-regulated and four down-regulated in the live Chlamydia infected group). Pathway analysis showed that the DE miRNAs target genes that regulate several biological processes and functions associated with immune response and inflammation. These results suggest that the induction of differential miRNA expression plays a significant role in the disparate immunity outcomes associated with Chlamydia infection and vaccination.

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CCL5 regulation of mucosal chlamydial immunity and infection.

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CCL5 regulation of mucosal chlamydial immunity and infection.

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