Studies on expression and function of the TMEM16A calcium-activated chloride channel.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Huang F
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2781737 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) are major regulators of sensory transduction, epithelial secretion, and smooth muscle contraction. Other crucial roles of CaCCs include action potential generation in Characean algae and prevention of polyspermia in frog egg membrane. None of the known molecular candidates share properties characteristic of most CaCCs in native cells. Using Axolotl oocytes as an expression system, we have identified TMEM16A as the Xenopus oocyte CaCC. The TMEM16 family of "transmembrane proteins with unknown function" is conserved among eukaryotes, with family members linked to tracheomalacia (mouse TMEM16A), gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia (human TMEM16E), aberrant X segregation (a Drosophila TMEM16 family member), and increased sodium tolerance (yeast TMEM16). Moreover, mouse TMEM16A and TMEM16B yield CaCCs in Axolotl oocytes and mammalian HEK293 cells and recapitulate the broad CaCC expression. The identification of this new family of ion channels may help the development of CaCC modulators for treating diseases including hypertension and cystic fibrosis.
| S-EPMC2651354 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) encoded by TMEM16A control neuronal signalling, smooth muscle contraction, airway and exocrine gland secretion, and rhythmic movements of the gastrointestinal system. To understand how CaCCs mediate and control anion permeation to fulfil these physiological functions, knowledge of the mammalian TMEM16A structure and identification of its pore-lining residues are essential. TMEM16A forms a dimer with two pores. Previous CaCC structural analyses have relied on homology modelling of a homologue (nhTMEM16) from the fungus Nectria haematococca that functions primarily as a lipid scramblase, as well as subnanometre-resolution electron cryo-microscopy. Here we present de novo atomic structures of the transmembrane domains of mouse TMEM16A in nanodiscs and in lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol as determined by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy. These structures reveal the ion permeation pore and represent different functional states. The structure in lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol has one Ca2+ ion resolved within each monomer with a constricted pore; this is likely to correspond to a closed state, because a CaCC with a single Ca2+ occupancy requires membrane depolarization in order to open (C.J.P. et al., manuscript submitted). The structure in nanodiscs has two Ca2+ ions per monomer and its pore is in a closed conformation; this probably reflects channel rundown, which is the gradual loss of channel activity that follows prolonged CaCC activation in 1?mM Ca2+. Our mutagenesis and electrophysiological studies, prompted by analyses of the structures, identified ten residues distributed along the pore that interact with permeant anions and affect anion selectivity, as well as seven pore-lining residues that cluster near pore constrictions and regulate channel gating. Together, these results clarify the basis of CaCC anion conduction.
| S-EPMC5750132 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The binding of cytoplasmic Ca2+ to the anion-selective channel TMEM16A triggers a conformational change around its binding site that is coupled to the release of a gate at the constricted neck of an hourglass-shaped pore. By combining mutagenesis, electrophysiology, and cryo-electron microscopy, we identified three hydrophobic residues at the intracellular entrance of the neck as constituents of this gate. Mutation of each of these residues increases the potency of Ca2+ and results in pronounced basal activity. The structure of an activating mutant shows a conformational change of an ?-helix that contributes to Ca2+ binding as a likely cause for the basal activity. Although not in physical contact, the three residues are functionally coupled to collectively contribute to the stabilization of the gate in the closed conformation of the pore, thus explaining the low open probability of the channel in the absence of Ca2+.
| S-EPMC7862301 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The transmembrane 16 (TMEM16) family contains 10 subtypes, and the function of each protein is different. TMEM16A is a calcium-activated chloride channel involved in physiological and pathological situations. Liquiritigenin is an aglycone derived from Glycyrrhiza glabra, and it is generated via the metabolism of enterobacterial flora. It has been known that liquiritigenin reduces pain sensation involving TMEM16A activation in primary sensory neurons. In addition, other pharmacological effects of liquiritigenin in physiological functions involving TMEM16A have been reported. However, the relationship between TMEM16A and liquiritigenin is still unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that TMEM16A is inhibited by liquiritigenin. To confirm this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of liquiritigenin on TMEM16A currents evoked by intracellular free calcium in HEK293T cells transfected with TMEM16A. In this study, we found that liquiritigenin inhibited the mouse and human TMEM16A currents. To further confirm its selectivity, we also investigated its pharmacological effects on other ion channels, including transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), which are non-selective cation channels involved in pain sensation. However, liquiritigenin did not inhibit the currents of TRPV1 and TRPA1 induced by capsaicin and allyl isothiocyanate, respectively. Therefore, our findings indicate that selective TMEM16A inhibition could be one molecular mechanism that explains liquiritigenin-induced pain reduction. Additionally, we also investigated the inhibitory effects of estrogens on TMEM16A because liquiritigenin reportedly binds to the estrogen receptor. In this study, a pregnancy-dependent estrogen, estriol, significantly inhibited TMEM16A. However, the efficacy was weak. Although there is a possibility that TMEM16A activity could be suppressed during pregnancy, the physiological significance seems to be small. Thus, the inhibitory effect of estrogen might not be significant under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of dihydrodaidzein, which is an analog of liquiritigenin that has a hydroxyphenyl at different carbon atom of pyranose. Dihydrodaidzein also inhibited mouse and human TMEM16A. However, the inhibitory effects were weaker than those of liquiritigenin. This suggests that the efficacy of TMEM16A antagonists depends on the hydroxyl group positions. Our finding of liquiritigenin-dependent TMEM16A inhibition could connect the current fragmented knowledge of the physiological and pathological mechanisms involving TMEM16A and liquiritigenin.
| S-EPMC8060913 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The anion channel TMEM16A is activated by intracellular Ca2+ in a highly cooperative process. By combining electrophysiology and autocorrelation analysis, we investigated the mechanism of channel activation and the concurrent rearrangement of the gate in the narrow part of the pore. Features in the fluctuation characteristics of steady-state current indicate the sampling of intermediate conformations that are successively occupied during gating. The initial step is related to conformational changes induced by Ca2+ binding, which is ensued by rearrangements that open the pore. Mutations in the gate shift the equilibrium of transitions in a manner consistent with a progressive destabilization of this region during pore opening. We come up with a mechanism of channel activation where the binding of Ca2+ induces conformational changes in the protein that, in a sequential manner, propagate from the binding site and couple to the gate in the narrow pore to allow ion permeation.
| S-EPMC7862263 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Niclosamide and benzbromarone have been described as inhibitors of the calcium activated chloride channel, TMEM16A, and on this basis have been considered and tested as clinical candidates for the treatment of airway diseases. However, both compounds have previously demonstrated activity on a range of additional biological targets and it is unclear from the literature to what extent any activity on TMEM16A may contribute to efficacy in these models of airway disease. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the pharmacology and selectivity of these clinical candidates together with a structurally unrelated TMEM16A blocker, Ani9, in a range of functional assays to better appreciate the putative role of TMEM16A in the regulation of both epithelial ion transport and the development of an airway epithelial mucus secretory phenoptype. Benzbromarone and Ani9 both attenuated recombinant TMEM16A activity in patch clamp studies, whereas in contrast, niclosamide induced a paradoxical potentiation of the TMEM16A-mediated current. Niclosamide and benzbromarone were also demonstrated to attenuate receptor-dependent increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) which likely contributed to their concomitant attenuation of the Ca2+-stimulated short-circuit current responses of FRT-TMEM16A and primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. In contrast, Ani9 attenuated the Ca2+-stimulated short-circuit current responses of both cell systems without influencing [Ca2+]i which supports a true channel blocking mechanism for this compound. Additional studies using HBE cells revealed effects of both niclosamide and benzbromarone on global ion transport processes (absorptive and secretory) as well as signs of toxicity (elevated LDH levels, loss of transepithelial resistance) that were not shared by Ani9. Ani9 also failed to influence the IL-13 induced differentiation of HBE towards a goblet cell rich, mucus hypersecreting epithelium, whereas niclosamide and benzbromarone attenuated numbers of both goblet and multiciliated cells, that would be consistent with cellular toxicity. Together these data challenge the description of niclosamide as a TMEM16A blocker and illustrate a range of off-target effects of both niclosamide and benzbromarone which may contribute to the reported activity in models of airway function.
| S-EPMC10025480 | biostudies-literature
Project description:TMEM16A, a Ca2+-sensitive Cl- channel, plays key roles in many physiological functions related to Cl- transport across lipid membranes. Activation of this channel is mediated via binding intracellular Ca2+ to the channel with a relatively high apparent affinity, roughly in the sub-μM to low μM concentration range. Recently available high-resolution structures of TMEM16 molecules reveal that the high-affinity Ca2+ activation sites are formed by several acidic amino acids, using their negatively charged sidechain carboxylates to coordinate the bound Ca2+. In this study, we examine the interaction of TMEM16A with a divalent cation, Co2+, which by itself cannot activate current in TMEM16A. This divalent cation, however, has two effects when applied intracellularly. It inhibits the Ca2+-induced TMEM16A current by competing with Ca2+ for the aforementioned high-affinity activation sites. In addition, Co2+ also potentiates the Ca2+-induced current with a low affinity. This potentiation effect requires high concentration (mM) of Co2+, similar to our previous findings that high concentrations (mM) of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) can induce more TMEM16A current after the Ca2+-activation sites are saturated by tens of μM [Ca2+]i. The degrees of potentiation by Co2+ and Ca2+ also roughly correlate with each other. Interestingly, mutating a pore residue of TMEM16A, Y589, alters the degree of potentiation in that the smaller the sidechain of the replaced residue, the larger the potentiation induced by divalent cations. We suggest that the Co2+ potentiation and the Ca2+ potentiation share a similar mechanism by increasing Cl- flux through the channel pore, perhaps due to an increase of positive pore potential after the binding of divalent cations to phospholipids in the pore. A smaller sidechain of a pore residue may allow the pore to accommodate more phospholipids, thus enhancing the current potentiation caused by high concentrations of divalent cations.
| S-EPMC7164836 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Agonist binding in ligand-gated ion channels is coupled to structural rearrangements around the binding site, followed by the opening of the channel pore. In this process, agonist efficacy describes the equilibrium between open and closed conformations in a fully ligand-bound state. Calcium-activated chloride channels in the TMEM16 family are important sensors of intracellular calcium signals and are targets for pharmacological modulators, yet a mechanistic understanding of agonist efficacy has remained elusive. Using a combination of cryo-electron microscopy, electrophysiology, and autocorrelation analysis, we now show that agonist efficacy in the ligand-gated channel TMEM16A is dictated by the conformation of the pore-lining helix α6 around the Ca2+ -binding site. The closure of the binding site, which involves the formation of a π-helix below a hinge region in α6, appears to be coupled to the opening of the inner pore gate, thereby governing the channel's open probability and conductance. Our results provide a mechanism for agonist binding and efficacy and a structural basis for the design of potentiators and partial agonists in the TMEM16 family.
| S-EPMC10711664 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A is a member of a conserved protein family that comprises ion channels and lipid scramblases. Although the structure of the scramblase nhTMEM16 has defined the architecture of the family, it was unknown how a channel has adapted to cope with its distinct functional properties. Here we have addressed this question by the structure determination of mouse TMEM16A by cryo-electron microscopy and a complementary functional characterization. The protein shows a similar organization to nhTMEM16, except for changes at the site of catalysis. There, the conformation of transmembrane helices constituting a membrane-spanning furrow that provides a path for lipids in scramblases has changed to form an enclosed aqueous pore that is largely shielded from the membrane. Our study thus reveals the structural basis of anion conduction in a TMEM16 channel and it defines the foundation for the diverse functional behavior in the TMEM16 family.
| S-EPMC5470873 | biostudies-literature
Project description:TMEM16A forms calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) that regulate physiological processes such as the secretions of airway epithelia and exocrine glands, the contraction of smooth muscles, and the excitability of neurons. Notwithstanding intense interest in the mechanism behind TMEM16A-CaCC calcium-dependent gating, comprehensive surveys to identify and characterize potential calcium sensors of this channel are still lacking. By aligning distantly related calcium-activated ion channels in the TMEM16 family and conducting systematic mutagenesis of all conserved acidic residues thought to be exposed to the cytoplasm, we identify four acidic amino acids as putative calcium-binding residues. Alterations of the charge, polarity, and size of amino acid side chains at these sites alter the ability of different divalent cations to activate the channel. Furthermore, TMEM16A mutant channels containing double cysteine substitutions at these residues are sensitive to the redox potential of the internal solution, providing evidence for their physical proximity and solvent accessibility.
| S-EPMC4112547 | biostudies-literature