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Effects of grapefruit, grapefruit juice and water preloads on energy balance, weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk in free-living obese adults.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Reducing dietary energy density has proven to be an effective strategy to reduce energy intakes and promote weight control. This effect appears most robust when a low energy dense preload is consumed before meals. Yet, much discussion continues regarding the optimal form of a preload. The purpose of the present study was to compare effects of a solid (grapefruit), liquid (grapefruit juice) and water preload consumed prior to breakfast, lunch and dinner in the context of caloric restriction. METHODS:Eighty-five obese adults (BMI 30-39.9) were randomly assigned to (127 g) grapefruit (GF), grapefruit juice (GFJ) or water preload for 12 weeks after completing a 2-week caloric restriction phase. Preloads were matched for weight, calories, water content, and energy density. Weekly measures included blood pressure, weight, anthropometry and 24-hour dietary intakes. Resting energy expenditure, body composition, physical performance and cardiometabolic risk biomarkers were assessed. RESULTS:The total amount (grams) of food consumed did not change over time. Yet, after preloads were combined with caloric restriction, average dietary energy density and total energy intakes decreased by 20-29% from baseline values. Subjects experienced 7.1% weight loss overall, with significant decreases in percentage body, trunk, android and gynoid fat, as well as waist circumferences (-4.5 cm). However, differences were not statistically significant among groups. Nevertheless, the amount and direction of change in serum HDL-cholesterol levels in GF (+6.2%) and GFJ (+8.2%) preload groups was significantly greater than water preload group (-3.7%). CONCLUSIONS:These data indicate that incorporating consumption of a low energy dense dietary preload in a caloric restricted diet is a highly effective weight loss strategy. But, the form of the preload did not have differential effects on energy balance, weight loss or body composition. It is notable that subjects in GF and GFJ preload groups experienced significantly greater benefits in lipid profiles. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00581074.

SUBMITTER: Silver HJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3039556 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effects of grapefruit, grapefruit juice and water preloads on energy balance, weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk in free-living obese adults.

Silver Heidi J HJ Dietrich Mary S MS Niswender Kevin D KD

Nutrition & metabolism 20110202 1

<h4>Background</h4>Reducing dietary energy density has proven to be an effective strategy to reduce energy intakes and promote weight control. This effect appears most robust when a low energy dense preload is consumed before meals. Yet, much discussion continues regarding the optimal form of a preload. The purpose of the present study was to compare effects of a solid (grapefruit), liquid (grapefruit juice) and water preload consumed prior to breakfast, lunch and dinner in the context of calori ...[more]

PMID: 21288350

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Project description:Introduction: Free-living movement (physical activity [PA] and sedentary behavior [SB]) and eating behaviors (energy intake [EI] and food choice) affect energy balance and therefore have the potential to influence weight loss (WL). This study explored whether free-living movement and/or eating behaviors measured early (week 3) in a 14-week WL programme or their change during the intervention are associated with WL in women. Methods: In the study, 80 women (M ± SD age: 42.0 ± 12.4 years) with overweight or obesity [body mass index (BMI): 34.08 ± 3.62 kg/m2] completed a 14 week WL program focused primarily on diet (commercial or self-led). Body mass (BM) was measured at baseline, and again during week 2 and 14 along with body composition. Free-living movement (SenseWear Armband) and eating behavior (weighed food diaries) were measured for 1 week during week 3 and 12. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses examined whether early and early-late change in free-living movement and eating behavior were associated with WL. The differences in behavior between clinically significant weight losers (CWL; ≥5% WL) and non-clinically significant weight losers (NWL; ≤ 3% WL) were compared. Results: The energy density of food consumed [β = 0.45, p < 0.001] and vigorous PA [β = -0.30, p < 0.001] early in the intervention (regression model 1) and early-late change in light PA [β = -0.81 p < 0.001], moderate PA [β = -1.17 p < 0.001], vigorous PA [β = -0.49, p < 0.001], total energy expenditure (EE) [β = 1.84, p < 0.001], and energy density of food consumed [β = 0.27, p = 0.01] (regression model 2) significantly predicted percentage change in BM. Early in the intervention, CWL consumed less energy dense foods than NWL [p = 0.03]. CWL showed a small but significant increase in vigorous PA, whereas NWL showed a slight decrease in PA [p = 0.04]. Conclusion: Both early and early-late change in free-living movement and eating behaviors during a 14 week WL program are predictors of WL. These findings demonstrate that specific behaviors that contribute to greater EE (e.g., vigorous PA) and lower EI (e.g., less energy-dense foods) are related to greater WL outcomes. Interventions targeting these behaviors can be expected to increase the effectiveness of WL programs.

Project description:BackgroundThe transition to parenthood is a cornerstone event for both parents, potentially leading to relevant changes in lifestyle and behaviour. In women, the metabolic changes during and after pregnancy and the deleterious effects of excessive gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention have been extensively described. However, there is no full understanding about which specific energy balance related behaviours (EBRB) contribute to unfavourable weight gain and weight retention. Furthermore, information on how transition to parenthood affects men is lacking. Therefore, this study aims to investigate changes in body weight, body composition and EBRB in couples transitioning to parenthood.MethodsTRANSPARENTS is a multi-centre observational follow-up study that focuses on body weight, body composition and EBRB during the transition to parenthood. Couples (women and men) will be recruited during the first trimester of their first pregnancy. Study visits will occur at four occasions (12 weeks of pregnancy, 6 weeks postpartum, 6 months postpartum and 12 months postpartum). Anthropometrics of the parents and new-borns will be assessed including body weight, height/length, body composition (using bio-electrical impedance analysis and measurement of four skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapular and supraspinal/suprailiac)) and waist and hip circumference. Dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, smoking habits, sleeping pattern, fatigue, diet and exercise related partner support, mental health, breastfeeding, contraception use, and socio-demographics will be assessed using a questionnaire. In addition, accelerometry will be used to assess physical activity and sedentary behaviour objectively. Also data from women's medical record, such as pre-pregnancy weight and pregnancy outcomes, will be included. Multilevel modelling will be used to evaluate maternal and paternal changes in body weight, body composition and EBRB during and after pregnancy (primary outcomes). Multiple linear regression analyses will be performed to identify predictors of changes in body weight, body composition and EBRB. All analyses will be adjusted for possible confounders.DiscussionTRANSPARENTS is a unique project identifying vulnerable parents and (un)favourable changes in EBRB throughout this potentially critical life period. Provided insights will facilitate the development of effective intervention strategies to help couples towards a healthy transition to parenthood.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03454958. Registered March 2018.

Dataset Information

Effects of grapefruit, grapefruit juice and water preloads on energy balance, weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk in free-living obese adults.

Publications

Effects of grapefruit, grapefruit juice and water preloads on energy balance, weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk in free-living obese adults.

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