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The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on exercise blood pressure in overweight and obese postmenopausal women.

ABSTRACT: Abnormally elevated exercise blood pressure is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise training has been shown to reduce exercise blood pressure. However, it is unknown whether these improvements occur in a dose-dependent manner. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on exercise blood pressure in obese postmenopausal women.Participants (N = 404) were randomized to one of four groups--groups with 4, 8, or 12 kcal/kg of energy expenditure per week or a nonexercise control group--for 6 months. Exercise blood pressure was obtained during the 50-watt stage of a cycle ergometer maximal exercise test.There was a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure at 50 watts in the 4 kcal/kg per week (-10.9 mm Hg, P < 0.001), 8 kcal/kg per week (-9.9 mm Hg, P = 0.022), and 12 kcal/kg per week (-13.7 mm Hg, P < 0.001) compared with control (-4.2 mm Hg). Only the highest exercise training dose significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure (-4.3 mm Hg, P = 0.033) compared with control. In addition, resting blood pressure was not altered after exercise training (P > 0.05) compared with control and was not associated with changes in exercise systolic (r = 0.09, P = 0.09) or diastolic (r = 0.10, P = 0.08) blood pressure.Aerobic exercise training reduces exercise blood pressure and may be more modifiable than changes in resting blood pressure. A high dose of aerobic exercise is recommended to successfully reduce both exercise systolic and diastolic blood pressure and therefore may attenuate the cardiovascular disease risk associated with abnormally elevated exercise blood pressure.

SUBMITTER: Swift DL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3341588 | biostudies-literature | 2012 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on exercise blood pressure in overweight and obese postmenopausal women.

Swift Damon L DL Earnest Conrad P CP Katzmarzyk Peter T PT Rankinen Tuomo T Blair Steven N SN Church Timothy S TS

Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 20120501 5

<h4>Objective</h4>Abnormally elevated exercise blood pressure is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise training has been shown to reduce exercise blood pressure. However, it is unknown whether these improvements occur in a dose-dependent manner. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on exercise blood pressure in obese postmenopausal women.<h4>Methods</h4>Participants (N = 404) were rand ...[more]

PMID: 22547251

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Project description:BackgroundIt has been suggested that exercise training results in compensatory mechanisms that attenuate weight loss. However, this has only been examined with large doses of exercise. The goal of this analysis was to examine actual weight loss compared to predicted weight loss (compensation) across different doses of exercise in a controlled trial of sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women (n = 411).Methodology/principal findingsParticipants were randomized to a non-exercise control (n = 94) or 1 of 3 exercise groups; exercise energy expenditure of 4 (n = 139), 8 (n = 85), or 12 (n = 93) kcal/kg/week (KKW). Training intensity was set at the heart rate associated with 50% of each woman's peak VO(2) and the intervention period was 6 months. All exercise was supervised. The main outcomes were actual weight loss, predicted weight loss (exercise energy expenditure/ 7700 kcal per kg), compensation (actual minus predicted weight loss) and waist circumference. The study sample had a mean (SD) age 57.2 (6.3) years, BMI of 31.7 (3.8) kg/m(2), and was 63.5% Caucasian. The adherence to the intervention was >99% in all exercise groups. The mean (95% CI) weight loss in the 4, 8 and 12 KKW groups was -1.4 (-2.0, -0.8), -2.1 (-2.9, -1.4) and -1.5 (-2.2, -0.8) kg, respectively. In the 4 and 8 KKW groups the actual weight loss closely matched the predicted weight loss of -1.0 and -2.0 kg, respectively, resulting in no significant compensation. In the 12 KKW group the actual weight loss was less than the predicted weight loss (-2.7 kg) resulting in 1.2 (0.5, 1.9) kg of compensation (P<0.05 compared to 4 and 8 KKW groups). All exercise groups had a significant reduction in waist circumference which was independent of changes in weight.ConclusionIn this study of previously sedentary, overweight or obese, postmenopausal women we observed no difference in the actual and predicted weight loss with 4 and 8 KKW of exercise (72 and 136 minutes respectively), while the 12 KKW (194 minutes) produced only about half of the predicted weight loss. However, all exercise groups had a significant reduction in waist circumference which was independent of changes in weight.Trial registration(ClinicalTrials.gov) NCT00011193.

Project description:BackgroundElevated total white blood cell (WBC) count is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and death. Aerobic exercise is associated with lower total WBC, neutrophil, and monocyte counts. However, no studies have evaluated the effect of the amount of aerobic exercise (dose) on total WBC and WBC subfraction counts.PurposeTo examine the effects of 3 different doses of aerobic exercise on changes in total WBC and WBC subfraction counts and independent effects of changes in fitness, adiposity, markers of inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein), fasting glucose metabolism, and adiponectin.MethodsData from 390 sedentary, overweight/obese postmenopausal women from the DREW study were used in these analyses. Women were randomized to a non-exercise control group or one of 3 exercise groups: energy expenditure of 4, 8, or 12 kcal kg(-1)⋅week(-1) (KKW) for 6 months at an intensity of 50% VO2peak.ResultsA dose-dependent decrease in total WBC counts (trend P = 0.002) was observed with a significant decrease in the 12KKW group (-163.1±140.0 cells/µL; mean±95%CI) compared with the control (138.6±144.7 cells/µL). A similar response was seen in the neutrophil subfraction (trend P = 0.001) with a significant decrease in the 12KKW group (-152.6±115.1 cells/µL) compared with both the control and 4KKW groups (96.4±119.0 and 21.9±95.3 cells/µL, respectively) and in the 8KKW group (-102.4±125.0 cells/µL) compared with the control. When divided into high/low baseline WBC categories (median split), a dose-dependent decrease in both total WBCs (P = 0.003) and neutrophils (P<0.001) was observed in women with high baseline WBC counts. The effects of exercise dose on total WBC and neutrophil counts persisted after accounting for significant independent effects of change in waist circumference and IL-6.ConclusionAerobic exercise training reduces total WBC and neutrophil counts, in a dose-dependent manner, in overweight/obese postmenopausal women and is especially beneficial for those with systemic low grade inflammation.Clinical trials identifierNCT00011193.

Project description:Background and aimsTo determine the comparative efficacy of resistance, aerobic, and combined resistance plus aerobic exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile.MethodsThis randomized controlled trial enrolled 406 adults aged 35-70 years with overweight or obesity and elevated blood pressure. Participants were randomly assigned to resistance (n = 102), aerobic (n = 101), combined resistance plus aerobic exercise (n = 101), or no-exercise control (n = 102). All exercise participants were prescribed 1 h of time-matched supervised exercise (the combination group with 30 min of each resistance and aerobic exercise) three times per week for 1 year. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 1 year in the standardized composite Z-score of four well-established CVD risk factors: systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, fasting glucose, and per cent body fat.ResultsAmong 406 participants (53% women), 381 (94%) completed 1-year follow-up. Compared with the control group, the composite Z-score decreased at 1 year, which indicates improved CVD risk profile, in the aerobic {mean difference, -0.15 [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.27 to -0.04]; P = .01} and combination [mean difference, -0.16 (95% CI: -0.27 to -0.04); P = .009] groups, but not in the resistance [mean difference, -0.02 (95% CI: -0.14 to 0.09); P = .69] group. Both aerobic and combination groups had greater reductions in the composite Z-score compared with the resistance group (both P = .03), and there was no difference between the aerobic and combination groups (P = .96). Regarding the four individual CVD risk factors, only per cent body fat decreased in all three exercise groups at 1 year, but systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and fasting glucose did not decrease in any exercise groups, compared with the control group.ConclusionsIn adults with overweight or obesity, aerobic exercise alone or combined resistance plus aerobic exercise, but not resistance exercise alone, improved composite CVD risk profile compared with the control.

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The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on exercise blood pressure in overweight and obese postmenopausal women.

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The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on exercise blood pressure in overweight and obese postmenopausal women.

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