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Identification of novel HIV 1--protease inhibitors: application of ligand and structure based pharmacophore mapping and virtual screening.

ABSTRACT: A combined ligand and structure-based drug design approach provides a synergistic advantage over either methods performed individually. Present work bestows a good assembly of ligand and structure-based pharmacophore generation concept. Ligand-oriented study was accomplished by employing the HypoGen module of Catalyst in which we have translated the experimental findings into 3-D pharmacophore models by identifying key features (four point pharmacophore) necessary for interaction of the inhibitors with the active site of HIV-1 protease enzyme using a training set of 33 compounds belonging to the cyclic cyanoguanidines and cyclic urea derivatives. The most predictive pharmacophore model (hypothesis 1), consisting of four features, namely, two hydrogen bond acceptors and two hydrophobic, showed a correlation (r) of 0.90 and a root mean square of 0.71 and cost difference of 56.59 bits between null cost and fixed cost. The model was validated using CatScramble technique, internal and external test set prediction. In the second phase of our study, a structure-based five feature pharmacophore hypothesis was generated which signifies the importance of hydrogen bond donor, hydrogen bond acceptors and hydrophobic interaction between the HIV-1 protease enzyme and its inhibitors. This work has taken a significant step towards the full integration of ligand and structure-based drug design methodologies as pharmacophoric features retrieved from structure-based strategy complemented the features from ligand-based study hence proving the accuracy of the developed models. The ligand-based pharmacophore model was used in virtual screening of Maybridge and NCI compound database resulting in the identification of four structurally diverse druggable compounds with nM activities.

SUBMITTER: Yadav D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3493599 | biostudies-literature | 2012

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Identification of novel HIV 1--protease inhibitors: application of ligand and structure based pharmacophore mapping and virtual screening.

Yadav Divya D Paliwal Sarvesh S Yadav Rakesh R Pal Mahima M Pandey Anubhuti A

PloS one 20121108 11

A combined ligand and structure-based drug design approach provides a synergistic advantage over either methods performed individually. Present work bestows a good assembly of ligand and structure-based pharmacophore generation concept. Ligand-oriented study was accomplished by employing the HypoGen module of Catalyst in which we have translated the experimental findings into 3-D pharmacophore models by identifying key features (four point pharmacophore) necessary for interaction of the inhibito ...[more]

PMID: 23145032

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Project description:AIM:To discover novel ligands of estrogen receptor (ER) ? using pharmacophore mapping and structure-based screening. METHODS:A computer-aided strategy combining pharmacophore mapping and structure-based screening was used to screen the Maybridge and Enamine databases. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay was used to detect the activity and selectivity of the chosen compounds. The transcriptional activities of the chosen compounds were demonstrated with luciferase reporter assays. The anti-proliferative effects of ER antagonists against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were examined using MTT assay, and the mechanisms of action were analyzed with flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting. RESULTS:Through in silico screen, 95 compounds were chosen for testing in Y2H assay, which led to 20 potent ligands, including 10 agonists, 8 antagonists and 2 partial agonists with EC50 or IC50 values at ?mol/L. Furthermore, 6 agonists exhibited absolute selectivity for ER?, and 3 agonists showed higher selectivity for ER?. The agonists 1g and 1h (10, 25, and 50 ?mol/L) dose-dependently increased ER transcriptional activities, whereas the antagonists 2a and 2d (10, 25, and 50 ?mol/L) caused dose-dependent inhibition on the activities. The antagonists and partial agonists at 100 ?mol/L suppressed the proliferation of ER? positive MCF-7 cells and ER? positive MDA-MB-231 cells, but were more effective against MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with antagonists 2a and 2d (25 and 50 ?mol/L) dose-dependently increased the population of cells in the S phase. Both 2a and 2d treatment dose-dependently decreased the expression levels of cyclin A and CDK2. Meanwhile, the downregulation of cyclin E was only caused by 2d, while 2a treatment did not cause significant changes in the protein levels of cyclin E. CONCLUSION:The selective ligands discovered in this study are promising drug candidates to be used as molecular probes to explore the differences between ER? and ER?.

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Identification of novel HIV 1--protease inhibitors: application of ligand and structure based pharmacophore mapping and virtual screening.

Publications

Identification of novel HIV 1--protease inhibitors: application of ligand and structure based pharmacophore mapping and virtual screening.

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