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NBR1-mediated selective autophagy targets insoluble ubiquitinated protein aggregates in plant stress responses.

ABSTRACT: Plant autophagy plays an important role in delaying senescence, nutrient recycling, and stress responses. Functional analysis of plant autophagy has almost exclusively focused on the proteins required for the core process of autophagosome assembly, but little is known about the proteins involved in other important processes of autophagy, including autophagy cargo recognition and sequestration. In this study, we report functional genetic analysis of Arabidopsis NBR1, a homolog of mammalian autophagy cargo adaptors P62 and NBR1. We isolated two nbr1 knockout mutants and discovered that they displayed some but not all of the phenotypes of autophagy-deficient atg5 and atg7 mutants. Like ATG5 and ATG7, NBR1 is important for plant tolerance to heat, oxidative, salt, and drought stresses. The role of NBR1 in plant tolerance to these abiotic stresses is dependent on its interaction with ATG8. Unlike ATG5 and ATG7, however, NBR1 is dispensable in age- and darkness-induced senescence and in resistance to a necrotrophic pathogen. A selective role of NBR1 in plant responses to specific abiotic stresses suggest that plant autophagy in diverse biological processes operates through multiple cargo recognition and delivery systems. The compromised heat tolerance of atg5, atg7, and nbr1 mutants was associated with increased accumulation of insoluble, detergent-resistant proteins that were highly ubiquitinated under heat stress. NBR1, which contains an ubiquitin-binding domain, also accumulated to high levels with an increasing enrichment in the insoluble protein fraction in the autophagy-deficient mutants under heat stress. These results suggest that NBR1-mediated autophagy targets ubiquitinated protein aggregates most likely derived from denatured or otherwise damaged nonnative proteins generated under stress conditions.

SUBMITTER: Zhou J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3547818 | biostudies-literature | 2013

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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NBR1-mediated selective autophagy targets insoluble ubiquitinated protein aggregates in plant stress responses.

Zhou Jie J Wang Jian J Cheng Yuan Y Chi Ying-Jun YJ Fan Baofang B Yu Jing-Quan JQ Chen Zhixiang Z

PLoS genetics 20130117 1

Plant autophagy plays an important role in delaying senescence, nutrient recycling, and stress responses. Functional analysis of plant autophagy has almost exclusively focused on the proteins required for the core process of autophagosome assembly, but little is known about the proteins involved in other important processes of autophagy, including autophagy cargo recognition and sequestration. In this study, we report functional genetic analysis of Arabidopsis NBR1, a homolog of mammalian autoph ...[more]

PMID: 23341779

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Project description:Plant stress responses require both protective measures that reduce or restore stress-inflicted damage to cellular structures and mechanisms that efficiently remove damaged and toxic macromolecules, such as misfolded and damaged proteins. We have recently reported that NBR1, the first identified plant autophagy adaptor with a ubiquitin-association domain, plays a critical role in plant stress tolerance by targeting stress-induced, ubiquitinated protein aggregates for degradation by autophagy. Here we report a comprehensive genetic analysis of CHIP, a chaperone-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase from Arabidopsis thaliana implicated in mediating degradation of nonnative proteins by 26S proteasomes. We isolated two chip knockout mutants and discovered that they had the same phenotypes as the nbr1 mutants with compromised tolerance to heat, oxidative and salt stresses and increased accumulation of insoluble proteins under heat stress. To determine their functional interactions, we generated chip nbr1 double mutants and found them to be further compromised in stress tolerance and in clearance of stress-induced protein aggregates, indicating additive roles of CHIP and NBR1. Furthermore, stress-induced protein aggregates were still ubiquitinated in the chip mutants. Through proteomic profiling, we systemically identified heat-induced protein aggregates in the chip and nbr1 single and double mutants. These experiments revealed that highly aggregate-prone proteins such as Rubisco activase and catalases preferentially accumulated in the nbr1 mutant while a number of light-harvesting complex proteins accumulated at high levels in the chip mutant after a relatively short period of heat stress. With extended heat stress, aggregates for a large number of intracellular proteins accumulated in both chip and nbr1 mutants and, to a greater extent, in the chip nbr1 double mutant. Based on these results, we propose that CHIP and NBR1 mediate two distinct but complementary anti-proteotoxic pathways and protein's propensity to aggregate under stress conditions is one of the critical factors for pathway selection of protein degradation.

Project description:In nature, plants are constantly exposed to many transient, but recurring, stresses. Thus, to complete their life cycles, plants require a dynamic balance between capacities to recover following cessation of stress and maintenance of stress memory. Recently, we uncovered a new functional role for macroautophagy/autophagy in regulating recovery from heat stress (HS) and resetting cellular memory of HS in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we demonstrated that NBR1 (next to BRCA1 gene 1) plays a crucial role as a receptor for selective autophagy during recovery from HS. Immunoblot analysis and confocal microscopy revealed that levels of the NBR1 protein, NBR1-labeled puncta, and NBR1 activity are all higher during the HS recovery phase than before. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis of proteins interacting with NBR1 and comparative proteomic analysis of an nbr1-null mutant and wild-type plants identified 58 proteins as potential novel targets of NBR1. Cellular, biochemical and functional genetic studies confirmed that NBR1 interacts with HSP90.1 (heat shock protein 90.1) and ROF1 (rotamase FKBP 1), a member of the FKBP family, and mediates their degradation by autophagy, which represses the response to HS by attenuating the expression of HSP genes regulated by the HSFA2 transcription factor. Accordingly, loss-of-function mutation of NBR1 resulted in a stronger HS memory phenotype. Together, our results provide new insights into the mechanistic principles by which autophagy regulates plant response to recurrent HS.Abbreviations: AIM: Atg8-interacting motif; ATG: autophagy-related; BiFC: bimolecular fluorescence complementation; ConA: concanamycinA; CoIP: co-immunoprecipitation; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; FKBP: FK506-binding protein; FBPASE: fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HS: heat stress; HSF: heat shock factor; HSFA2: heat shock factor A2; HSP: heat shock protein; HSP90: heat shock protein 90; LC-MS/MS: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; NBR1: next-to-BRCA1; PQC: protein quality control; RFP: red fluorescent protein; ROF1: rotamase FKBP1; TF: transcription factor; TUB: tubulin; UBA: ubiquitin-associated; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein.

Project description:Autophagy involvement in plant response to nitrogen, carbon and sulfur starvation was already reported, however the mechanisms responsible for its regulation and selectivity in such conditions were not yet investigated. We observed increased amounts of NBR1 transcript in plants exposed to sulfur deficit as compared to the control plants grown in nutrient sufficient conditions. This observation prompted us to investigate the role of this selective autophagy cargo receptor in plant response to sulfur deficit. Transcriptome analysis of the wild type and NBR overexpressing plants revealed differences in gene expression changes in response to sulfur deficit. Moreover, NBR1 overexpressors have significantly shorter roots than WT, when grown in nutrient deficient conditions in the presence of TOR kinase inhibitors, namely in the conditions leading to autophagy induction. Besides, NBR1 overexpression promoted stomata closure while NBR1 depletion stomata opening. Surprisingly, all lines had more closed stomata when grown in sulfur deficient than sulfur optimal conditions, what indicates that this effect is independent from NBR1. Similarly, ABA-dependent stomatal closure was independent from NBR1 and growth conditions. Cysteine also promoted stomatal closure in NBR1-independent way in plants grown in the optimal medium but in contrast, reduced the number of open stomata in plants from sulfur deficient medium. Interaction network analysis of the proteins co-purifying with NBR1 revealed links with proteins involved in degradation systems, and endosomal trafficking and a surprizing connection with nuclear transport. In addition, several proteins co-purifying with NBR1 were found only in sulfur deficient conditions. One of them, ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) was further confirmed as a direct NBR1 interactor. Localization of the RPS6 interaction sites in NBR1 indicated that ubiquitin binding domain of NBR1 is not required for this interaction what means that it is rather not the classical “ubiquitinated target - autophagy receptor” interaction.

Dataset Information

NBR1-mediated selective autophagy targets insoluble ubiquitinated protein aggregates in plant stress responses.

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NBR1-mediated selective autophagy targets insoluble ubiquitinated protein aggregates in plant stress responses.

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