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A systematic analysis of host factors reveals a Med23-interferon-? regulatory axis against herpes simplex virus type 1 replication.

ABSTRACT: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus causing vesicular oral or genital skin lesions, meningitis and other diseases particularly harmful in immunocompromised individuals. To comprehensively investigate the complex interaction between HSV-1 and its host we combined two genome-scale screens for host factors (HFs) involved in virus replication. A yeast two-hybrid screen for protein interactions and a RNA interference (RNAi) screen with a druggable genome small interfering RNA (siRNA) library confirmed existing and identified novel HFs which functionally influence HSV-1 infection. Bioinformatic analyses found the 358 HFs were enriched for several pathways and multi-protein complexes. Of particular interest was the identification of Med23 as a strongly anti-viral component of the largely pro-viral Mediator complex, which links specific transcription factors to RNA polymerase II. The anti-viral effect of Med23 on HSV-1 replication was confirmed in gain-of-function gene overexpression experiments, and this inhibitory effect was specific to HSV-1, as a range of other viruses including Vaccinia virus and Semliki Forest virus were unaffected by Med23 depletion. We found Med23 significantly upregulated expression of the type III interferon family (IFN-?) at the mRNA and protein level by directly interacting with the transcription factor IRF7. The synergistic effect of Med23 and IRF7 on IFN-? induction suggests this is the major transcription factor for IFN-? expression. Genotypic analysis of patients suffering recurrent orofacial HSV-1 outbreaks, previously shown to be deficient in IFN-? secretion, found a significant correlation with a single nucleotide polymorphism in the IFN-?3 (IL28b) promoter strongly linked to Hepatitis C disease and treatment outcome. This paper describes a link between Med23 and IFN-?, provides evidence for the crucial role of IFN-? in HSV-1 immune control, and highlights the power of integrative genome-scale approaches to identify HFs critical for disease progression and outcome.

SUBMITTER: Griffiths SJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3738494 | biostudies-literature | 2013

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A systematic analysis of host factors reveals a Med23-interferon-λ regulatory axis against herpes simplex virus type 1 replication.

Griffiths Samantha J SJ Koegl Manfred M Boutell Chris C Zenner Helen L HL Crump Colin M CM Pica Francesca F Gonzalez Orland O Friedel Caroline C CC Barry Gerald G Martin Kim K Craigon Marie H MH Chen Rui R Kaza Lakshmi N LN Fossum Even E Fazakerley John K JK Efstathiou Stacey S Volpi Antonio A Zimmer Ralf R Ghazal Peter P Haas Jürgen J

PLoS pathogens 20130808 8

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus causing vesicular oral or genital skin lesions, meningitis and other diseases particularly harmful in immunocompromised individuals. To comprehensively investigate the complex interaction between HSV-1 and its host we combined two genome-scale screens for host factors (HFs) involved in virus replication. A yeast two-hybrid screen for protein interactions and a RNA interference (RNAi) screen with a druggable genome small interfering RNA ( ...[more]

PMID: 23950709

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Project description:The initial events after DNA virus infection involve a race between epigenetic silencing of the incoming viral DNA by host cell factors and expression of viral genes. Several host gene products, including the nuclear domain 10 (ND10) components PML (promyelocytic leukemia) and Daxx (death domain-associated protein 6), as well as IFI16 (interferon-inducible protein 16), have been shown to restrict herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication. Whether IFI16 and ND10 components work together or separately to restrict HSV-1 replication is not known. To determine the combinatorial effects of IFI16 and ND10 proteins on viral infection, we depleted Daxx or PML in primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) in the presence or absence of IFI16. Daxx or IFI16 depletion resulted in higher ICP0 mutant viral yields, and the effects were additive. Surprisingly, small interfering RNA (siRNA) depletion of PML in the HFF cells led to decreased ICP0-null virus replication, while short hairpin RNA (shRNA) depletion led to increased ICP0-null virus replication, arguing that different PML isoforms or PML-related proteins may have restrictive or proviral functions. In normal human cells, viral DNA replication increases expression of all classes of HSV-1 genes. We observed that IFI16 repressed transcription from both parental and progeny DNA genomes. Taken together, our results show that the mechanisms of action of IFI16 and ND10 proteins are independent, at least in part, and that IFI16 exerts restrictive effects on both input and replicated viral genomes. These results raise the potential for distinct mechanisms of action of IFI16 on parental and progeny viral DNA molecules.IMPORTANCE Many human DNA viruses transcribe their genomes and replicate in the nucleus of a host cell, where they exploit the host cell nuclear machinery for their own replication. Host factors attempt to restrict viral replication by blocking such events, and viruses have evolved mechanisms to neutralize the host restriction factors. In this study, we provide information about the mechanisms of action of three host cell factors that restrict replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV). We found that these factors function independently and that one acts to restrict viral transcription from parental and progeny viral DNA genomes. These results provide new information about how cells counter DNA virus replication in the nucleus and provide possible approaches to enhance the ability of human cells to resist HSV infection.

Dataset Information

A systematic analysis of host factors reveals a Med23-interferon-? regulatory axis against herpes simplex virus type 1 replication.

Publications

A systematic analysis of host factors reveals a Med23-interferon-λ regulatory axis against herpes simplex virus type 1 replication.

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