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Aerobic dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to phenol catalyzed by Pd(TFA)2/2-dimethylaminopyridine: evidence for the role of Pd nanoparticles.

ABSTRACT: We have carried out a mechanistic investigation of aerobic dehydrogenation of cyclohexanones and cyclohexenones to phenols with a Pd(TFA)2/2-dimethylaminopyridine catalyst system. Numerous experimental methods, including kinetic studies, filtration tests, Hg poisoning experiments, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering, provide compelling evidence that the initial Pd(II) catalyst mediates the first dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to cyclohexenone, after which it evolves into soluble Pd nanoparticles that retain catalytic activity. This nanoparticle formation and stabilization is facilitated by each of the components in the catalytic reaction, including the ligand, TsOH, DMSO, substrate, and cyclohexenone intermediate.

SUBMITTER: Pun D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3796041 | biostudies-literature | 2013 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Aerobic dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to phenol catalyzed by Pd(TFA)2/2-dimethylaminopyridine: evidence for the role of Pd nanoparticles.

Pun Doris D Diao Tianning T Stahl Shannon S SS

Journal of the American Chemical Society 20130524 22

We have carried out a mechanistic investigation of aerobic dehydrogenation of cyclohexanones and cyclohexenones to phenols with a Pd(TFA)2/2-dimethylaminopyridine catalyst system. Numerous experimental methods, including kinetic studies, filtration tests, Hg poisoning experiments, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering, provide compelling evidence that the initial Pd(II) catalyst mediates the first dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to cyclohexenone, after which it evolves ...[more]

PMID: 23662607

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Project description:Phenol, an important industrial chemical, is widely produced using the well-developed cumene process. However, demand for the development of a novel alternative method for synthesizing phenol from benzene has been increasing. Herein, we report a novel system for the synthesis of phenols through aerobic oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexanols and cyclohexanones, including ketone-alcohol (KA) oil, catalyzed by Mg-Al-layered double hydroxide (LDH)-supported Au-Pd alloy nanoparticles (Au-Pd/LDH). Alloying of Au and Pd and basicity of LDH are key factors in achieving the present transformation. Although monometallic Au/LDH, Pd/LDH, and their physical mixture showed almost no catalytic activity, Au-Pd/LDH exhibited markedly high catalytic activity for the dehydrogenative phenol production. Mechanistic studies showed that β-H elimination from Pd-enolate species is accelerated by Au species, likely via electronic ligand effects. Moreover, the effect of supports was critical; despite the high catalytic performance of Au-Pd/LDH, Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles supported on Al2O3, TiO2, MgO, and CeO2 were ineffective. Thus, the basicity of LDH plays a deterministic role in the present dehydrogenation possibly through its assistance in the deprotonation steps. The synthetic scope of the Au-Pd/LDH-catalyzed system was very broad; various substituted cyclohexanols and cyclohexanones were efficiently converted into the corresponding phenols, and N-substituted anilines were synthesized from cyclohexanones and amines. In addition, the observed catalysis was truly heterogeneous, and Au-Pd/LDH could be reused without substantial loss of its high performance. The present transformation is scalable, utilizes O2 in air as the terminal oxidant, and generates water as the only by-product, highlighting the potential practical utility and environmentally benign nature of the present transformation. Dehydrogenative aromatization of cyclohexanols proceeds through (1) oxidation of cyclohexanols to cyclohexanones; (2) dehydrogenation of cyclohexanones to cyclohexenones; and (3) disproportionation of cyclohexenones to afford the desired phenols. In the present Au-Pd/LDH-catalyzed transformation, the oxidation of the Pd-H species is included in the rate-determining step.

Dataset Information

Aerobic dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to phenol catalyzed by Pd(TFA)2/2-dimethylaminopyridine: evidence for the role of Pd nanoparticles.

Publications

Aerobic dehydrogenation of cyclohexanone to phenol catalyzed by Pd(TFA)2/2-dimethylaminopyridine: evidence for the role of Pd nanoparticles.

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