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Mannitol Bis-phosphate Based Inhibitors of Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolases.

ABSTRACT: Several 5-O-alkyl- and 5-C-alkyl-mannitol bis-phosphates were synthesized and comparatively assayed as inhibitors of fructose bis-phosphate aldolases (Fbas) from rabbit muscle (taken as surrogate model of the human enzyme) and from Trypanosoma brucei. A limited selectivity was found in several instances. Crystallographic studies confirm that the 5-O-methyl derivative binds competitively with substrate and the 5-O-methyl moiety penetrating deeper into a shallow hydrophobic pocket at the active site. This observation can lead to the preparation of selective competitive or irreversible inhibitors of the parasite Fba.

SUBMITTER: Mabiala-Bassiloua CG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4018070 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Mannitol Bis-phosphate Based Inhibitors of Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolases.

Mabiala-Bassiloua Charles-Gabin CG Arthus-Cartier Guillaume G Hannaert Véronique V Thérisod Hélène H Sygusch Jurgen J Thérisod Michel M

ACS medicinal chemistry letters 20110903 11

Several 5-O-alkyl- and 5-C-alkyl-mannitol bis-phosphates were synthesized and comparatively assayed as inhibitors of fructose bis-phosphate aldolases (Fbas) from rabbit muscle (taken as surrogate model of the human enzyme) and from Trypanosoma brucei. A limited selectivity was found in several instances. Crystallographic studies confirm that the 5-O-methyl derivative binds competitively with substrate and the 5-O-methyl moiety penetrating deeper into a shallow hydrophobic pocket at the active si ...[more]

PMID: 24900268

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Isomer activation controls stereospecificity of class I fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases.

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Multifunctional Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase as a Therapeutic Target.

Project description:Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is a ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the fourth step of glycolysis. Aldolases are classified into three groups: Class-I, Class-IA, and Class-II; all classes share similar structural features but low amino acid identity. Apart from their conserved role in carbohydrate metabolism, aldolases have been reported to perform numerous non-enzymatic functions. Here we review the myriad "moonlighting" functions of this classical enzyme, many of which are centered on its ability to bind to an array of partner proteins that impact cellular scaffolding, signaling, transcription, and motility. In addition to the cytosolic location, aldolase has been found the extracellular surface of several pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and metazoans. In the extracellular space, the enzyme has been reported to perform virulence-enhancing moonlighting functions e.g., plasminogen binding, host cell adhesion, and immunomodulation. Aldolase's importance has made it both a drug target and vaccine candidate. In this review, we note the several inhibitors that have been synthesized with high specificity for the aldolases of pathogens and cancer cells and have been shown to inhibit classical enzyme activity and moonlighting functions. We also review the many trials in which recombinant aldolases have been used as vaccine targets against a wide variety of pathogenic organisms including bacteria, fungi, and metazoan parasites. Most of such trials generated significant protection from challenge infection, correlated with antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. We argue that refinement of aldolase antigen preparations and expansion of immunization trials should be encouraged to promote the advancement of promising, protective aldolase vaccines.

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Project description:Fructose-1,6-(bis)phosphate aldolase is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose-1,6-(bis)phosphate and fructose 1-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and either glyceral-dehyde-3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde, respectively. Vertebrate aldolases exist as three isozymes with different tissue distributions and kinetics: aldolase A (muscle and red blood cell), aldolase B (liver, kidney, and small intestine), and aldolase C (brain and neuronal tissue). The structures of human aldolases A and B are known and herein we report the first structure of the human aldolase C, solved by X-ray crystallography at 3.0 A resolution. Structural differences between the isozymes were expected to account for isozyme-specific activity. However, the structures of isozymes A, B, and C are the same in their overall fold and active site structure. The subtle changes observed in active site residues Arg42, Lys146, and Arg303 are insufficient to completely account for the tissue-specific isozymic differences. Consequently, the structural analysis has been extended to the isozyme-specific residues (ISRs), those residues conserved among paralogs. A complete analysis of the ISRs in the context of this structure demonstrates that in several cases an amino acid residue that is conserved among aldolase C orthologs prevents an interaction that occurs in paralogs. In addition, the structure confirms the clustering of ISRs into discrete patches on the surface and reveals the existence in aldolase C of a patch of electronegative residues localized near the C terminus. Together, these structural changes highlight the differences required for the tissue and kinetic specificity among aldolase isozymes.

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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and aldolase mediate glucose sensing by AMPK.

Project description:The major energy source for most cells is glucose, from which ATP is generated via glycolysis and/or oxidative metabolism. Glucose deprivation activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but it is unclear whether this activation occurs solely via changes in AMP or ADP, the classical activators of AMPK. Here, we describe an AMP/ADP-independent mechanism that triggers AMPK activation by sensing the absence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), with AMPK being progressively activated as extracellular glucose and intracellular FBP decrease. When unoccupied by FBP, aldolases promote the formation of a lysosomal complex containing at least v-ATPase, ragulator, axin, liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and AMPK, which has previously been shown to be required for AMPK activation. Knockdown of aldolases activates AMPK even in cells with abundant glucose, whereas the catalysis-defective D34S aldolase mutant, which still binds FBP, blocks AMPK activation. Cell-free reconstitution assays show that addition of FBP disrupts the association of axin and LKB1 with v-ATPase and ragulator. Importantly, in some cell types AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP ratios remain unchanged during acute glucose starvation, and intact AMP-binding sites on AMPK are not required for AMPK activation. These results establish that aldolase, as well as being a glycolytic enzyme, is a sensor of glucose availability that regulates AMPK.

| S-EPMC5544942 | biostudies-literature

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