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Characterization of the lipid binding properties of Otoferlin reveals specific interactions between PI(4,5)P2 and the C2C and C2F domains.

ABSTRACT: Otoferlin is a transmembrane protein consisting of six C2 domains, proposed to act as a calcium sensor for exocytosis. Although otoferlin is believed to bind calcium and lipids, the lipid specificity and identity of the calcium binding domains are controversial. Further, it is currently unclear whether the calcium binding affinity of otoferlin quantitatively matches the maximal intracellular presynaptic calcium concentrations of ?30-50 ?M known to elicit exocytosis. To characterize the calcium and lipid binding properties of otoferlin, we used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), liposome sedimentation assays, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Analysis of ITC data indicates that with the exception of the C2A domain, the C2 domains of otoferlin bind multiple calcium ions with moderate (Kd = 25-95 ?M) and low affinities (Kd = 400-700 ?M) in solution. However, in the presence of liposomes, the calcium sensitivity of the domains increased by up to 10-fold. It was also determined that calcium enhanced liposome binding for domains C2B-C2E, whereas the C2F domain bound liposomes in a calcium-independent manner. Mutations that abrogate calcium binding in C2F do not disrupt liposome binding, supporting the conclusion that the interaction of the C2F domain with phosphatidylserine is calcium-independent. Further, domains C2C and C2F, not domains C2A, C2B, C2D, and C2E, bound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho(1'-myoinositol-4',5'-bisphosphate) [PI(4,5)P2], which preferentially steered them toward liposomes harboring PI(4,5)P2. Remarkably, lysine mutations L478A and L480A in C2C selectively weaken the PI(4,5)P2 interaction while leaving phosphatidylserine binding unaffected. Finally, shifts in the emission spectra of an environmentally sensitive fluorescent unnatural amino acid indicate that the calcium binding loops of the C2F domain directly interact with the lipid bilayer of negatively charged liposomes in a calcium-independent manner. On the basis of these results, we propose that the C2F and C2C domains of otoferlin preferentially bind PI(4,5)P2 and that PI(4,5)P2 may serve to target otoferlin to the presynapse in a calcium-independent manner. This positioning would facilitate fast calcium-dependent exocytosis at the hair cell synapse.

SUBMITTER: Padmanarayana M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4144714 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Characterization of the lipid binding properties of Otoferlin reveals specific interactions between PI(4,5)P2 and the C2C and C2F domains.

Padmanarayana Murugesh M Hams Nicole N Speight Lee C LC Petersson E James EJ Mehl Ryan A RA Johnson Colin P CP

Biochemistry 20140723 30

Otoferlin is a transmembrane protein consisting of six C2 domains, proposed to act as a calcium sensor for exocytosis. Although otoferlin is believed to bind calcium and lipids, the lipid specificity and identity of the calcium binding domains are controversial. Further, it is currently unclear whether the calcium binding affinity of otoferlin quantitatively matches the maximal intracellular presynaptic calcium concentrations of ∼30-50 μM known to elicit exocytosis. To characterize the calcium a ...[more]

PMID: 24999532

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Project description:Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P(2)) regulates activities of numerous ion channels including inwardly rectifying potassium (K(ir)) channels, KCNQ, TRP, and voltage-gated calcium channels. Several studies suggest that voltage-gated potassium (K(V)) channels might be regulated by PI(4,5)P(2). Wide expression of K(V) channels in different cells suggests that such regulation could have broad physiological consequences. To study regulation of K(V) channels by PI(4,5)P(2), we have coexpressed several of them in tsA-201 cells with a G protein-coupled receptor (M(1)R), a voltage-sensitive lipid 5-phosphatase (Dr-VSP), or an engineered fusion protein carrying both lipid 4-phosphatase and 5-phosphatase activity (pseudojanin). These tools deplete PI(4,5)P(2) with application of muscarinic agonists, depolarization, or rapamycin, respectively. PI(4,5)P(2) at the plasma membrane was monitored by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from PH probes of PLCδ1 simultaneously with whole-cell recordings. Activation of Dr-VSP or recruitment of pseudojanin inhibited K(V)7.1, K(V)7.2/7.3, and K(ir)2.1 channel current by 90-95%. Activation of M(1)R inhibited K(V)7.2/7.3 current similarly. With these tools, we tested for potential PI(4,5)P(2) regulation of activity of K(V)1.1/K(V)β1.1, K(V)1.3, K(V)1.4, and K(V)1.5/K(V)β1.3, K(V)2.1, K(V)3.4, K(V)4.2, K(V)4.3 (with different KChIPs and DPP6-s), and hERG/KCNE2. Interestingly, we found a substantial removal of inactivation for K(V)1.1/K(V)β1.1 and K(V)3.4, resulting in up-regulation of current density upon activation of M(1)R but no changes in activity upon activating only VSP or pseudojanin. The other channels tested except possibly hERG showed no alteration in activity in any of the assays we used. In conclusion, a depletion of PI(4,5)P(2) at the plasma membrane by enzymes does not seem to influence activity of most tested K(V) channels, whereas it does strongly inhibit members of the K(V)7 and K(ir) families.

Project description:β-arrestins regulate many cellular functions including intracellular signaling and desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Previous studies show that β-arrestin signaling and receptor endocytosis are modulated by the plasma membrane phosphoinositide lipid phosphatidylinositol-(4, 5)-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). We found that β-arrestin also helped promote synthesis of PI(4,5)P2 and up-regulated GPCR endocytosis. We studied these questions with the Gq-coupled protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), which activates phospholipase C, desensitizes quickly, and undergoes extensive endocytosis. Phosphoinositides were monitored and controlled in live cells using lipid-specific fluorescent probes and genetic tools. Applying PAR2 agonist initiated depletion of PI(4,5)P2, which then recovered during rapid receptor desensitization, giving way to endocytosis. This endocytosis could be reduced by various manipulations that depleted phosphoinositides again right after phosphoinositide recovery: PI(4)P, a precusor of PI(4,5)P2, could be depleted at either the Golgi or the plasma membrane (PM) using a recruitable lipid 4-phosphatase enzyme and PI(4,5)P2 could be depleted at the PM using a recruitable 5-phosphatase. Endocytosis required the phosphoinositides. Knock-down of β-arrestin revealed that endogenous β-arrestin normally doubles the rate of PIP5-kinase (PIP5K) after PAR2 desensitization, boosting PI(4,5)P2-dependent formation of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) at the PM. Desensitized PAR2 receptors were swiftly immobilized when they encountered CCPs, showing a dwell time of ∼90 s, 100 times longer than for unactivated receptors. PAR2/β-arrestin complexes eventually accumulated around the edges or across the surface of CCPs promoting transient binding of PIP5K-Iγ. Taken together, β-arrestins can coordinate potentiation of PIP5K activity at CCPs to induce local PI(4,5)P2 generation that promotes recruitment of PI(4,5)P2-dependent endocytic machinery.

Dataset Information

Characterization of the lipid binding properties of Otoferlin reveals specific interactions between PI(4,5)P2 and the C2C and C2F domains.

Publications

Characterization of the lipid binding properties of Otoferlin reveals specific interactions between PI(4,5)P2 and the C2C and C2F domains.

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