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Small proteins can no longer be ignored.

ABSTRACT: Small proteins, here defined as proteins of 50 amino acids or fewer in the absence of processing, have traditionally been overlooked due to challenges in their annotation and biochemical detection. In the past several years, however, increasing numbers of small proteins have been identified either through the realization that mutations in intergenic regions are actually within unannotated small protein genes or through the discovery that some small, regulatory RNAs encode small proteins. These insights, together with comparative sequence analysis, indicate that tens if not hundreds of small proteins are synthesized in a given organism. This review summarizes what has been learned about the functions of several of these bacterial small proteins, most of which act at the membrane, illustrating the astonishing range of processes in which these small proteins act and suggesting several general conclusions. Important questions for future studies of these overlooked proteins are also discussed.

SUBMITTER: Storz G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4166647 | biostudies-literature | 2014

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Small proteins can no longer be ignored.

Storz Gisela G Wolf Yuri I YI Ramamurthi Kumaran S KS

Annual review of biochemistry 20140303

Small proteins, here defined as proteins of 50 amino acids or fewer in the absence of processing, have traditionally been overlooked due to challenges in their annotation and biochemical detection. In the past several years, however, increasing numbers of small proteins have been identified either through the realization that mutations in intergenic regions are actually within unannotated small protein genes or through the discovery that some small, regulatory RNAs encode small proteins. These i ...[more]

PMID: 24606146

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Project description:BackgroundCOPD is the third leading cause of death in the United States, with 16 million Americans currently experiencing difficulty with breathing. Power outages could be life-threatening for those relying on electricity. However, significant gaps remain in understanding the potential impact of power outages on COPD exacerbations.Research questionThe goal of this study was to determine how power outages affect COPD exacerbations.Study design and methodsUsing distributed lag nonlinear models controlling for time-varying confounders, the hospitalization rate during a power outage was compared vs non-outage periods to determine the rate ratio (RR) for COPD and its subtypes at each of 0 to 6 lag days in New York State from 2001 to 2013. Stratified analyses were conducted according to sociodemographic characteristics, season, and clinical severity; changes were investigated in numerous critical medical indicators, including length of stay, hospital cost, the number of comorbidities, and therapeutic procedures between the two periods.ResultsThe RR of COPD hospitalization following power outages ranged from 1.03 to 1.39 across lag days. The risk was strongest at lag0 and lag1 days and lasted significantly for 7 days. Associations were stronger for the subgroup with acute bronchitis (RR, 1.08-1.69) than for cases of acute exacerbation (RR, 1.03-1.40). Compared with non-outage periods, the outage period was observed to be $4.67 thousand greater in hospital cost and 1.38 greater in the number of comorbidities per case. The average cost (or number of comorbidities) was elevated in all groups stratified according to cost (or number of comorbidities). In contrast, changes in the average length of stay (-0.43 day) and the average number of therapeutic procedures (-0.09) were subtle.InterpretationPower outages were associated with a significantly elevated rate of COPD hospitalization, as well as greater costs and number of comorbidities. The average cost and number of comorbidities were elevated in all clinical severity groups.

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Small proteins can no longer be ignored.

Publications

Small proteins can no longer be ignored.

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